Public Policy and Private Choice: Mass Transit and the Automobile in Chicago between the Wars

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Urban Transit

Public policy, grounded in the conception of urban transit as a private business and of the automobile as a public good, played a crucial role in the decline of public transportation and the triumph of the automobile in Chicago.

Mobility as a Service Operating Model to Enable Public Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110266
Author(s):  
Christina Joy Ditmore ◽  
Angela K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Operating Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Equity And Access ◽  
Policy Goals

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is the concept through which travelers plan, book, and pay for public or private transport on a single platform using either a service or subscription-based model. Observations of current projects identified two distinct approaches to enabling MaaS: the private-sector approach defined as a “business model,” and the public sector approach that manifests as an “operating model.” The distinction between these models is significant. MaaS provides a unique opportunity for the public sector to set and achieve public policy goals by leveraging emerging technologies in favor of the public good. Common policy goals that relate to transportation include equity and access considerations, environmental impact, congestion mitigation, and so forth. Strategies to address these policy goals include behavioral incentivization and infrastructure reallocation. This study substantiates two models for implementing MaaS and expanding on the public sector approach, to enable policy in favor of the public good.

“More Than Just Inventors”: RICHARD M. CUTTS, RICHARD M. CUTTS JR., AND THE ETHICAL CHALLENGE OF THE OFFICER-INVENTOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
John A. Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Conflicting Demands

This article examines the ethical decisions of two enterprising interwar period Marine officers, Colonel Richard M. Cutts and Brigadier General Richard M. Cutts Jr. Known for their development of a muzzle device used on the Thompson submachine gun, the Cuttses have been treated casually by historians as innocuous inventors. This article reveals their crucial role in generating interest in their device and energetic advocacy for official adoption of the Thompson submachine gun. Drawing support from other officers in the Marine Corps and allies in manufacturing, they eagerly pursued widespread sales of their device. Pulled by conflicting demands as Marines, inventors, and business partners, this article contends that they engaged in activity that blurred private business matters with their professional duties as Marines. Examination of the Cuttses invites scholars and practitioners to contemplate the ethical challenges faced by Marines past and present.

Markets and Morality

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdish Bhagwati
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Positive Science

The paper addresses two issues. First, economics has evolved both as a positive science and, from moral philosophy, also as a normative discipline. Advancing the public good requires that public policy walk on both these legs. Second, the criticism has been forcefully made that markets undermine morality. This contention is refuted in several ways.

The Mexico City Metro and Its Riders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. López
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Status ◽  
Private Car ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The City

Mexico City’s subway, commonly known as “el Metro,” opened its first line of service on September 4, 1969. Since then, the mass transit system, operated by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC), has expanded to include 195 stations across twelve lines that serve an estimated five and a half million riders per day. The metro was constructed not only to alleviate severe traffic congestion in the city’s center due to population growth and private car use, but also it was envisioned as part of a plan to modernize the city and raise Mexico to the status of world cities such as Paris and Montreal. The low fare has made it one of the primary modes of transportation for the city’s working class, who use it in combination with other forms of public transportation to reach jobs in distant parts of the metropolis. Some studies have shown that the Metro has exacerbated geographic segregation between rich and poor as well as perpetuated low wages. Beyond its function as a mass transit system, the Metro was envisioned as and still serves as an important cultural space. The graphic designers and architects who led the project integrated modern architectural elements with graphic embellishments and signage that incorporated national culture and history to present a modernity uniquely Mexican. In its almost fifty years of service, the Metro has become an important symbol of the capital’s cultural life that everyday Mexicans have used for their own political, economic, and cultural purposes.

scholarly journals The Contemporary Issues and Supreme Court

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Public Good ◽  
National Government ◽  
Judicial Activism ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Us ◽  
Arbitrary Rule ◽  
Main Class

While the Constitution of United States had brought a popular democracy and Constitution-based structure of government, the Ancien Regime had been overhauled in new land. The “nobility” as a basis of government was dispelled, and people arose as a main class or pillar of nation. As we take a precept of chaotic years from the Articles of Confederation thorough the Constitution, the earlier ambition was mixed between the diplomatic unity and one strong national government. This context implicates much over the centuries and can also be illustrated with a residue of classic and present practice of international politics. The kind of Kantian ambition for the universal justice on liberty and equality, hence, should wait for more prosperous time afterwards that people tend to be conscious of their basic rights or public good from the arbitrary rule of majority, given our concocted recognition from the kind of public policy ideals from Bentham, “the greatest happiness of greatest number,” and “revolutionary spirit on people.” Given the judicial activism, the Supreme Court justices might be clairvoyant, who would be equipped with goodwill, wisdom and almighty intelligence to assuage an untreatable scope of interests and state specificities. Foreign lawyers would find such ample source of laws in surprise, who might envy a wide coverage of judicial interests. They perhaps would take the US context as the kind of insightful classroom and learn the lessons from their case laws.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVES AND INTEGRATION OF BICYCLE TRANSPORT IN SOFIA, BULGARIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Borislav Arnaudov
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Urban Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
The Public ◽  
Functional Efficiency ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Transportation System ◽  
The City

Public transport is an important element of sustainable development that incorporates responsiveness towards the need for mobility by the population within the framework of the urban transit system. As a part of the public transportation system, bicycle transport, with its environmental aspect, is the bedrock of the idea for accessible public services. This study provides core parameters for the assessment of social and environmental dimensions in order to further develop bicycle transport. It also itemizes the principles that need to be followed with the aim of social and economic sustainability. As a form of transportation in an urban environment, the bicycle traffic, its share and distribution of trips, obstacles and challenges encountered by cyclists in the city, trends and prevalent issues related to the current conditions of cycling infrastructure in Sofia, Bulgaria, were analyzed. In a nutshell, the report delivers a compiled group of suggestions on opportunities that may help to increase the functional efficiency of cycling as part of the transportation system of Sofia, in both, the social and environmental sense.

scholarly journals When School Comes to Community: Considering the Socioethnic Environment in Educational Reform for Gypsy Populations in a French City

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-174
Author(s):  
David Giband
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Educational Reform ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Educational Stakeholders ◽  
Roma People ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Social Marginality

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the dynamics of an educational reform aimed at transforming individual and collective attitudes towards school among Gypsy/Roma families living in urban spaces of advanced social marginality. In Perpignan, Gypsy/Roma people are highly marginalized, living in a deprived urban environment (violence, unemployment, poor housing conditions, female-headed households, problematic night life) and following their cultural and customary rules and values. These play a crucial role in weak school performance. In 2005, city riots pushed municipal, community, and educational stakeholders to act. Policymakers implemented an experimental national policy in Perpignan from 2007 to 2015, in which they treated education as the cornerstone of necessary change. This public policy opened schools to their social and ethnic environment, as socioenvironmental settings were utilized as a performative tool for school achievement and success.

scholarly journals AN EXAMINATION OF FACTORS LEADING TO THE COLLAPSE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS IN GHANA: A CASE STUDY OF METRO MASS TRANSPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 237-252
Author(s):  
Isaac Mantey ◽  
Abigail Frempong ◽  
Christopher Lartei Aryee ◽  
Justice Agyei Ampofo
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Mass Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Managerial Skills ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Junior Staff ◽  
Public Sector Organizations

Tax payers money are been used every day in Ghana to establish public sector organizations. This is why the management of public sector organizations is important in sustainable development. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors leading to the collapse of Metro Mass Transit in Ghana. The study revealed literature on transportation, the role of the state in public transportation, the nature of Metro Mass Transit operations, management practice of Metro Mass Transit and challenges of the public transport system. The study purposively sampled sixty (60) respondents which comprises of 30 workers of Metro Mass Transit (10 Professional Drivers, 10 Senior Management Staff and 10 Junior Staff) and 30 passengers (comprising of 15 passengers from Metro Mass Transit, 5 passengers of OA Transport, 5 passengers of VIP Transport and 5 passengers from VISION Transport). The major findings of the study revealed that Metro Mass Transit offers scheduled trips on intercity and intra city route but does not offer quality transport services as private transport like OA, VIP and VISION does in Accra. The study also found out that passengers prefer private transport more to Metro Mass Transit because the workers have good communication skills as compared to the workers of Metro Mass Transit in Accra, Metro Mass Transit officials have inefficient managerial skills and therefore can’t meet the demands of their customers, Metro Mass Transit have inadequate operation buses, there is frequent breaking of Metro Mass Transit vehicles. The study recommends that the management of Metro Mass Transit should make proper use of Public Private Partnership. This can help in securing more buses to boost their operations. The study also recommends that the management of Metro Mass Transit should work on improving their management practices to enhance performance in other to meet the demand of their customers. Again the management of Metro Mass Transit should ensure that there is frequent maintenance of vehicles to enhance effective operations and also management must also try to maintain an optimum level of providing good communication and effective managerial skills in order to improve its operations.  Keywords: Factors, Collapse, Public Sector Organizations, Metro Mass Transport, Ghana.

scholarly journals Solving the Urban Transit Routing Problem Using a Cat Swarm Optimization-Based Algorithm

Algorithms ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Iosif V. Katsaragakis ◽  
Ioannis X. Tassopoulos ◽  
Grigorios N. Beligiannis
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Urban Transit ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Cat Swarm Optimization ◽  
First Time

Presented in this research paper is an attempt to apply a cat swarm optimization (CSO)-based algorithm to the urban transit routing problem (UTRP). Using the proposed algorithm, we can attain feasible and efficient (near) optimal route sets for public transportation networks. It is, to our knowledge, the first time that cat swarm optimization (CSO)-based algorithm is applied to cope with this specific problem. The algorithm’s efficiency and excellent performance are demonstrated by conducting experiments with both real-world as well as artificial data. These specific data have also been used as test instances by other researchers in their publications. Computational results reveal that the proposed cat swarm optimization (CSO)-based algorithm exhibits better performance, using the same evaluation criteria, compared to most of the other existing approaches applied to the same test instances. The differences of the proposed algorithm in comparison with other published approaches lie in its main process, which is a modification of the classic cat swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm applied to solve the urban transit routing problem. This modification in addition to a variation of the initialization process, as well as the enrichment of the algorithm with a process of improving the final solution, constitute the innovations of this contribution. The UTRP is studied from both passenger and provider sides of interest, and the algorithm is applied in both cases according to necessary modifications.

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