Changes in Testamentary Practice at Montpellier on the Eve of the Black Death

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-269
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Reyerson
Keyword(s):  
Financial Capital ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Town

The Black Death arrived in southern France, at Marseille, in January 1348. It then spread westward, reaching Carcassonne by February and Perpignan by March. There is no exact chronology of the outbreak of the plague in Montpellier. However, the disease probably appeared by March 1348, since it spread along trade routes and the town was considerably closer to Marseille than both Carcassonne and Perpignan. The recorded toll of the Black Death in Montpellier at first seems great enough to account for any changes in the behavior of the population in the plague year. For this commercial and financial capital of Lower Languedoc, 1348 was generally termed “lan de la mortalidat.”

scholarly journals Synanthedon mesiaeformis (Herrich-Schäffer) new to the Czech Republic and to Spain (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Laštůvka ◽  
Aleš Laštůvka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Habitat Requirements ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Southern France ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

Synanthedon mesiaeformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846) has been found in the Czech Republic and in Spain for the first time. The species was found in the south-easternmost part of the Czech Republic, near the town of Břeclav (faunistic quadrat 7267) in May 2008. The holes and pupae were found only in one, solitary growing group of trees about 20 years old. This finding place lies at a distance of more than 250 km from the localities in SW Hungary and about 550 km from the localities in eastern Poland. In June 2008, the species was found also in alders growing in the flat river alluvium on gravel sands between La Jonquera and Figueres in northern Catalonia. This locality is in a close contact with the fin­ding places near Perpignan and Beziers in southern France. The diagnostic morphological characters and bionomics of this species are briefly summarized and figured. The history of its distribution research is recapitulated and the causes of its disjunct range are discussed as follows. The present disjunct range represents a residual of the former distribution over the warmer and moister postglacial period; landscape modifications and elimination of solitary alder trees as „weeds“ from the 18th up to the mid-20th century in large areas of Europe; narrow and partly unknown habitat requirements and specific population ethology; an insufficient level of faunistic investigations in several parts of sou­thern and eastern Europe.

scholarly journals What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans C. Komakech ◽  
Francis Moyo ◽  
Oscar Veses Roda ◽  
Revocatus L. Machunda ◽  
Om P. Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Approach ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
The Town ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Monitoring Progress ◽  
Housing Units

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 sets an ambitious target of leaving no one without adequate sanitation by 2030. The key concern is the lack of local human and financial capital to fund the collection of reliable information to monitor progress towards the goal. As a result, national and local records may be telling a different story of the proportion of safely managed sanitation that counts towards achieving the SDGs. This paper unveils such inconsistency in sanitation data generated by urban authorities and proposes a simple approach for collecting reliable and verifiable information on access to safely managed sanitation. The paper is based on a study conducted in Babati Town Council in Tanzania. Using a smartphone-based survey tool, city health officers were trained to map 17,383 housing units in the town. A housing unit may comprise of two or more households. The findings show that 5% practice open defecation, while 82% of the housing units have some forms of sanitation. Despite the extensive coverage, only 31% of the faecal sludge generated is safely contained, while 64% is not. This study demonstrates the possibility of using simple survey tools to collect reliable data for monitoring progress towards safely managed sanitation in the towns of global south.

Char, René (1907–1988)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Bermann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Albert Camus ◽  
Maurice Blanchot ◽  
Pablo Picasso ◽  
World War ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Pierre Boulez ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Town

The French poet René Char exemplified key aspects of modernism. Initially associated with Surrealism, he collaborated with poets such as André Breton and Paul Eluard, and painters such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Nicolas de Stael. Later, during World War II, he led a Resistance unit in the Maquis, winning renown as ‘Capitaine Alexandre’. During this period he continued to write, though he refused to publish until the war was won. In 1946, Char’s wartime journal, Leaves of Hypnos, appeared, soon followed by his major collection, Fury and Mystery. Acclaimed for both, he went on to complete some of his best known work in the 1950s and 1960s while engaging with numerous artists and the musician Pierre Boulez. He wrote widely, from poetry of striking concreteness and metaphysical reach, to political tracts against the introduction of atomic weapons in Provence. There he lived until his death in 1988, meeting with friends such as Albert Camus, Maurice Blanchot, Martin Heidegger, and Paul Veyne. Char was born in the town of L’Isle sur la Sorgue, near Avignon, in southern France. His early poetry developed a compressed, irreverent style that explored contrasting themes, often of agony and love.

scholarly journals What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3328
Author(s):  
Hans C. Komakech ◽  
Francis Moyo ◽  
Oscar Veses Roda ◽  
Revocatus L. Machunda ◽  
Kyla M. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Approach ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
Fecal Sludge ◽  
The Town ◽  
Monitoring Progress ◽  
Housing Units

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 sets an ambitious target of leaving no-one without adequate and equitable sanitation by 2030. The key concern is the lack of local human and financial capital to fund the collection of reliable information to monitor progress towards the goal. As a result, national and local records may be telling a different story of the proportion of safely managed sanitation that counts towards achieving the SDG. This paper unveils such inconsistency in sanitation data generated by urban authorities and proposes a simple approach for collecting reliable and verifiable information on access to safely managed sanitation. The paper is based on a study conducted in Babati Town Council in Tanzania. Using a smartphone-based survey tool, city health officers were trained to map 17,383 housing units in the town. A housing unit may comprise of two or more households. The findings show that 5% practice open defecation, while 82% of the housing units have some form of sanitation. Despite the extensive coverage, only 31% of the fecal sludge generated is safely contained, while 64% is not. This study demonstrates the possibility of using simple survey tools to collect reliable data for monitoring progress towards safely managed sanitation in the towns of global South.

Shivta-A Byzantine Town in the Negev Desert

1985 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Segal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Life ◽  
Negev Desert ◽  
Beer Sheva ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Town ◽  
Town Building ◽  
Aesthetic Values

Shivta, a Byzantine town settled in the 5th century and abandoned in the 8th or 9th century C. E., occupies an area of about 20 acres in the Negev desert 43 kilometers southwest of Beer-Sheva. Remains of terraces, dams, and other agricultural structures indicate that the town, which was far from the trade routes, existed mainly on agriculture. Examination of the town today shows that Shivta's three churches were the source of influence and authority not only in matters of religion and worship, but also apparently in the public, administrative, and economic life of the town. It appears, further, that Shivta, as it was built, offers nothing unique in comparison to other, similarly situated towns of the same period in Roman and Byzantine Palestine and the neighboring regions. Lacking an urban tradition, its inhabitants evidently were unconcerned with aesthetic values in town building. Shivta developed spontaneously, without a guiding hand or any effort to create a monumental emphasis.

scholarly journals Trade, Violence and Diplomacy on the Coast of Ikorodu: The Resistance of Balogun Mabadeje Jaiyesimi

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adebowale Adeyemi-Suenu
Keyword(s):  
Trade Routes ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
The Town ◽  
Main City

From the 1850s, British influence in Lagos and coastal Nigeria expanded, leading to the annexation of Lagos in December 1861 and the establishment of Lagos Colony in 1862. This period also witnessed the British quest for the control of coastal and inland trade routes. Ikorodu’s location north of Lagos and on the lagoon, and its control of trade from the coast to Sagamu, the main city of Remo, involved the town in larger struggles between the Ijebu kingdom and the Egba settlers at Abeokuta, and in the expansionist plans for Lagos under Governor Henry Stanhope Freeman (1862–4) and his successor, Captain John Hawley Glover (1864–6). This article explores how Ikorodu successfully manoeuvred between these differen interests under the leadership of Balogun Mabadeje Jaiyesimi to defeat its external aggressors and to increase its independence. It not only addresses the dearth of published work on Ikorodu but also provides a response to Earl Phillips’ discussion of the unsuccessful 1864–5 Egba attack on Ikorodu. Unlike Philips, who suggests that the Egba defeat was primarily engineered by John Glover, this article emphasises the importance of Balogun Jaiyesimi’s strategic and negotiating skills, which led to the formation of a local coalition between Ikorodu and its neighbouring towns, especially Igbogbo, to ensure Ikorodu’s military victory.

William Caferro, Petrarch's War: Florence and the Black Death in Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-753
Author(s):  
Robert Fredona
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
Global History ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
The Face ◽  
Black Plague ◽  
The City

Late in the spring of 1349, Petrarch, famous for his lyrical cries for peace on the Italian peninsula, wrote the priors of Florence urging the city to war. Two of the poet's dearest friends had been attacked while passing through the mountainous terrain controlled by the rural Ubaldini clan, renegade Ghibellines who menaced crucial trade routes between Florence and Bologna and were taking advantage of Florence's vulnerability in the wake of the 1348 outbreak of the Black Plague. The two campaigns that Florence launched against the Ubaldini, one in 1349 and one in 1350, although little known (overshadowed by the plague on one side and, less so, by the 1351–1353 Florentine war with Milan on the other), are better documented than any contemporary war and, as such, serve as the perfect material for William Caferro's new book, Petrarch's War, whose declared subject is “contradiction” and whose method, ultimately, is the subjection of received ideas and fashionable methods to interrogation in the face of the experience of rigorous and self-conscious archival research (p. 1). “Archives are subversive,” Caferro says, and this is, in many ways, a subversive book (p. 13). Resolutely revisionist and sometimes demandingly démodé—in an age of “big data” and global history and “usable” history—Caferro embraces the problematic and the anomalous, the short term and the small scale. Together with his impressive and prizewinning 2006 book, John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-Century Italy, Petrarch's War secures Caferro's place as one of the most important economic historians working today.

scholarly journals THE HISTORY OF THE OLD TOWN HALL IN SIERADZ

space&FORM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (47) ◽  
pp. 227-238
Author(s):  
Adriana Sowała ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Research ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Town Hall ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Town

The Old Town in Sieradz is one of the oldest and best-preserved medieval urban complexes in Poland. In its center there is the Old Market Square, which was marked out at the intersection of important trade routes in the 13th century. Unfortunately, to this day, the center-market buildings, including the town hall, have not been preserved. Moreover, no photo or drawing showing the appearance of the Sieradz seat of municipal authorities has survived. In connection with the above, the article attempts to present the history of the repeatedly rebuilt town hall in Sieradz from different periods, as well as plans for its reconstruction. For this purpose, the available archival materials, the results of archaeological research and the literature on the subject were used, the analysis of which allowed to draw conclusions about the history of the town hall in Sieradz.

scholarly journals Radionički pečati na italskoj tera sigilati iz Bunuma

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Borzić
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
The University ◽  
The Town ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Besides large architectural complexes (the camp principium/municipium forum, the amphitheatre and the exercise campus), archaeological excavations, both earlier ones and those conducted after 2003 by the Town Museum in Drniš and the Department of Archaeology of the University of Zadar, that have taken place in the area of the Roman military camp/municipium of Burnum (Ivoševci near Kistanje) have revealed an extraordinarily large quantity of small archaeological artefacts. Among those from the early stages of life at Burnum in the first half of the first century, there is a series of approximately eighty stamps on fine tableware, which confirms the existence of imports from the Italic area. An analysis of these, together with observations on the overall holdings of the pottery finds, enables detailed insights regarding spatial and chronological supply sources, while a comparison with similar finds from civilian and military sites throws light on the position of Roman Dalmatia on regional trade routes.

Tumultus Et Rumor in Sinagoga: An Aspect of Social Life of Provençal Jews in the Middle Ages

AJS Review ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 227-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shatzmiller
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Southern France ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Middle Ages

It is impossible to discuss the social life or the organization of the Jewish community in the Middle Ages without noting the fact that the synagogue was its center. In many cases the synagogue was the only building owned by the community as such, the only institution that actually was at everyone's disposal. It did not always happen to be a special kind of building constructed or dedicated to the worship of God: sometimes one of the city's houses, or an apartment, or a room, would serve as a synagogue. Thus we hear that in the town of Manosque in Southern France—the location of our episodes—there was in the year 1311 a synagogue located at what had formerly been the house of Macip, one of the community's members.

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