Equilibrium distributions for systems of chemical reactions with applications to the theory of molecular adsorption

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Orriss
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Adsorption ◽  
Reaction Equation ◽  
Reversible Chemical Reaction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Equilibrium Distributions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Reaction Equations

SummaryIn this paper a stochastic model is set up for a certain type of reversible chemical reaction and a solution given for the equilibrium distribution; this solution is then extended to deal with any system of chemical reactions.Three different types of reaction are considered:(1) Several substances Ai react together and give a set of substances Bj. The reaction is reversible, with the substances Ai appearing only on one side of the reaction equation and the substances Bj only on the other.(2) Several different reactions involving the substances Ai and Bj take place simultaneously, but in each reaction equation the substances Ai can appear only on one side and the Bj only on the other.(3) The restriction of the sets Ai and Bj to different sides of the reaction equations is removed: any reaction involving any of the substances Aiand Bj on either side of the equation is permissible.The paper concludes with some applications of the results to problems of molecular adsorption.

Equilibrium distributions for systems of chemical reactions with applications to the theory of molecular adsorption

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Orriss
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Adsorption ◽  
Reaction Equation ◽  
Reversible Chemical Reaction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Equilibrium Distributions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Reaction Equations

Summary In this paper a stochastic model is set up for a certain type of reversible chemical reaction and a solution given for the equilibrium distribution; this solution is then extended to deal with any system of chemical reactions. Three different types of reaction are considered: (1) Several substances Ai react together and give a set of substances Bj. The reaction is reversible, with the substances Ai appearing only on one side of the reaction equation and the substances Bj only on the other. (2) Several different reactions involving the substances Ai and Bj take place simultaneously, but in each reaction equation the substances Ai can appear only on one side and the Bj only on the other. (3) The restriction of the sets Ai and Bj to different sides of the reaction equations is removed: any reaction involving any of the substances Ai and Bj on either side of the equation is permissible. The paper concludes with some applications of the results to problems of molecular adsorption.

Flagellar movement of the Sessile Flagellates Actinomonas, Codonosiga, Monas, and Poteriodendron

1964 ◽  
Vol s3-105 (72) ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
M. A. SLEIGH
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Wave Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Contraction Wave

Water currents set up by flagellar activity are used to bring food particles to the body in each of the sessile flagellates Actinomonas, Codonosiga, Monas, and Poteriodendron. The water currents produced by the 4 organisms are all somewhat different, and, while that set up by Codonosiga is in the expected direction with water flow from the flagellar base towards the tip, the currents set up by the other 3 forms flow from the tip towards the base. In all 4 types the flagellar movements take the form of plane sinusoidal undulations propagated from the base of the flagellum towards its tip, but the different types show adaptive modifications according to the pattern of water currents required. The rates of beat of the flagellum (range 30 to 50 cycles/ sec) and the speeds of propagation of the contraction wave (range 100 to 600 µ/sec) did not differ sufficiently to explain different current patterns. It is suggested that the ‘unexpected’ direction of current flow in 3 of the types may be the result of the presence of flagellar mastigonemes; these are known to be present in the chrysomonad phytoflagellates, to which group Monas and probably also Actinomonas and Poteriodendron belong. Attention is also drawn to the peculiar mode of coiling and unrolling of the flagellum of the bicoecid Poteriodendron.

Effect of complete diets or separate feeding of long straw and concentrates on the performance of beef cattle

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 128-128
Author(s):  
K D Sinclair ◽  
S Thomas ◽  
A MacDearmid ◽  
G Nemie
Keyword(s):  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

In a previous experiment, with different types of straw and different levels of concentrates in mixed diets, it was demonstrated that steers could achieve growth rates in excess of 1.2 kg/day using diets containing up to 0.45 straw, Kay et al (1988). Few farms are equipped for complete diet feeding and so an experiment was set up to ascertain whether similar performances could be achieved when feeding loose-mix concentrates with long straw.Thirty-six Hereford x Friesian heifers of 350 kg initial mean liveweight were allocated to one of four diets. The diets contained ammonia treated or untreated straw of the spring barley variety Doublet and were offered in either a complete mixed form containing 0.45 straw, or as long straw and concentrates fed separately with the concentrate mix consisting of barley, molassed beet pulp, fishmeal, urea, molasses and minerals. Ammonia treatment was carried out in an oven with 0.03 anhydrous ammonia for 24 hours. Complete diets were effected by processing straw through a tub grinder before transfer to a mixer wagon. Complete diets were offered ad libitum. Concentrates in the other diets were offered twice daily at a rate equivalent to that consumed by animals on the complete diets. Liveweight and feed intake data were recorded.

scholarly journals Further experiments on the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus) with tubercle bacilli and the vole strain of acid-fast bacillus (Wells)

1941 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanley Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Acid Fast Bacillus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Human Type ◽  
Potato Culture ◽  
Smear Preparation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation ◽  
Made In

Subcutaneous inoculations: Two strains of human origin were tested, one was of eugonic human type from the sputum of an English case of pulmonary tuberculosis; the other was of dysgonic human type obtained by Dr J. A. Young from a native in Nigeria. Both strains produced typical general tuberculosis in the hamster, the lesions on the whole showing less caseation than those set up by bovine bacilli (vide 1939).The vole strain of bacillus gave rise to generalized disease resembling tuberculosis. The duration of life of the animal was, however, prolonged and though the bacilli were abundant in the lesions there was no necrosis or caseation. Similar results in two hamsters were reported in 1939.The avian bacillus was the least pathogenic of the four types. Of the three hamsters inoculated only one (H. 17, dose 5·0 mg.) showed macroscopic foci in the liver and spleen; as these were not seen microscopically in sections it is doubtful if they were due to the action of tubercle bacilli. It is unfortunate that the specimens of Hamster 17, which died in my absence from the laboratory, were badly fixed; a smear preparation of the spleen was not made. In the others tubercle bacilli were found in the organs, but were not numerous. The peculiar result after 5·0 mg. of avian bacilli—enormous multiplication of bacilli in spleen, liver and a local gland without macroscopic tuberculous lesions—described in the first paper was not reproduced.Feeding: The four different types of bacilli were given by the mouth to six hamsters, the dose in each instance being 10 mg. of culture. Two of the hamsters, one fed with a potato culture of the vole strain, the other with a human strain, escaped infection. The remaining four hamsters, each fed with one of the four types of bacilli, developed disease, the severity of which in each instance was in harmony with that following subcutaneous inoculation of the type.

Doctrine and Dialectic in Plato’s Dialogues

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachana Kamtekar
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Set Up

Chapter 1 lays out the methodological approach employed throughout the book, which is to pay attention to the dialectical dependence of what the main speaker in the dialogue says on the intellectual problem(s) set up in the dialogue both by himself and the other speakers. To illustrate, Chapter 1 describes Socrates’ use of the method of hypotheses from the Meno and Phaedo to answer questions that go beyond his claims to knowledge in the Republic.

scholarly journals Preparation of alcohol-based handrub in COVID-19 Alsatian cluster

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Di-Falco ◽  
Johan Bourbon ◽  
Isalyne Sbaffe ◽  
Jean-Daniel Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Hospital Management ◽  
Management Team ◽  
The Other ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Real Challenge

AbstractAlsace, in particular Haut-Rhin, is one of the main clusters of COVID-19 in France. There has been a shortage of essential supplies in the area, especially alcohol-based hand sanitizer. In this context, and in accordance with the decree dated March 6, 2020, our hospital management team asked us to start local production of alcohol-based handrub. This was a real challenge: In one week, we had to implement the production of handrub to meet the needs of a 1,400-bed hospital. The production had to comply with the French preparation guidelines and take place on specific premises, with qualified and calibrated equipment, by qualified staff, under the supervision of a pharmacist. The other big challenge we faced was the supply of pharmaceutical raw and packaging materials. During this particular critical period, all suppliers were out of stock. Here, we describe the organizational set-up and the decisions made, e. g., to use technical-grade ethanol before the publication of the decrees dated March 13 and March 23, 2020.

Comparative Surface Imaging Study of Multifocal Diffractive Intraocular Lenses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeck Soo Son ◽  
Jung Min Lee ◽  
Ramin Khoramnia ◽  
Chul Young Choi
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Optical Surface ◽  
Diffractive Optic ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Concentric Pattern

Abstract Purpose To analyse and compare the surface topography and roughness of three different types of diffractive multifocal IOLs. Methods Using scanning electron microscope (SEM, Inspect F, 5.0 KV, maximum magnification up to 20,000) and atomic force microscope (AFM, Park Systems, XE-100, non-contact, area profile comparison, 10 × 10 µm, 40 × 40 µm), the surface quality of the following diffractive IOLs was studied: the AcrySof IQ PanOptix (Alcon, USA), the AT LARA 829MP (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany), and Tecnis Symfony (Johnson&Johnson Vision, USA). The measurements were made over three representative areas (central non-diffractive optic, central diffractive optic, and diffractive step) of each IOL. Roughness profile in terms of mean arithmetic roughness (Ra) and root-mean-squared roughness (Rq) values were obtained and compared statistically. Results In SEM examination, all IOLs showed a smooth optical surface without any irregularities at low magnification. At higher magnification, Tecnis Symfony showed unique highly regular, concentric, and lineate structures in the diffractive optic area which could not be seen in the other studied diffractive IOLs. The differences in the measured Ra and Rq values of the Tecnis Symfony were statistically significant compared to the other models (p < 0.05). Conclusion Various different topographical traits were observed in three diffractive multifocal IOLs. The Ra values of all studied IOLs were within an acceptable range. Tecnis Symfony showed statistically significant higher surface Ra values at both central diffractive optic and diffractive step areas. Furthermore, compared to its counterparts, Tecnis Symfony demonstrated highly ordered, concentric pattern in its diffractive surfaces.

RADIATION EXPOSURE TO THE BACK WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF APRONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Wan Hong ◽  
Tae Won Kim ◽  
Jae Hun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lead Apron ◽  
Type Group ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Physicians and nurses stand with their back towards the C-arm fluoroscope when using the computer, taking things out of closets and preparing drugs for injection or instruments for intervention. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the type of lead apron and radiation exposure to the backs of physicians and nurses while using C-arm fluoroscopy. We compared radiation exposure to the back in the three groups: no lead apron (group C), front coverage type (group F) and wrap-around type (group W). The other wrap-around type apron was put on the bed instead of on a patient. We ran C-arm fluoroscopy 40 times for each measurement. We collected the air kerma (AK), exposure time (ET) and effective dose (ED) of the bedside table, upper part and lower part of apron. We measured these variables 30 times for each location. In group F, ED of the upper part was the highest (p &lt; 0.001). ED of the lower part in group C and F was higher than that in group W (p = 0.012). The radiation exposure with a front coverage type apron is higher than that of the wrap-around type and even no apron at the neck or thyroid. For reducing radiation exposure to the back of physician or nurse, the wrap-around type apron is recommended. This type of apron can reduce radiation to the back when the physician turns away from the patient or C-arm fluoroscopy.

scholarly journals MITOTIC CROSSING OVER AND NONDISJUNCTION IN TRANSLOCATION HETEROZYGOTES OF ASPERGILLUS

Genetics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-627
Author(s):  
Etta Käfer
Keyword(s):  
Selective Advantage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Translocation Chromosome ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Selective Marker ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Diploid Genotype ◽  
One Step

ABSTRACT To analyze mitotic recombination in translocation heterozygotes of A. nidulans two sets of well-marked diploids were constructed, homo- or heterozygous for the reciprocal translocations T1(IL;VIIR) or T2(IL;VIIIR) and heterozygous for selective markers on IL. It was found that from all translocation heterozygotes some of the expected mitotic crossover types could be selected. Such crossovers are monosomic for one translocated segment and trisomic for the other and recovery depends on the relative viabilities of these unbalanced types. The obtained segregants show characteristically reduced growth rates and conidiation dependent on sizes and types of mono- and trisomic segments, and all spontaneously produce normal diploid sectors. Such secondary diploid types either arose in one step of compensating crossing over in the other involved arm, or—more conspicuously—in two steps of nondisjunction via a trisomic intermediate.—In both of the analyzed translocations the segments translocated to IL were extremely long, while those translocated from IL were relatively short. The break in I for T1(I;VII) was located distal to the main selective marker in IL, while that of T2(I;VIII) had been mapped proximal but closely linked to it. Therefore, as expected, the selected primary crossover from the two diploids with T2(I;VIII) in coupling or in repulsion to the selective marker, showed the same chromosomal imbalance and poor growth. These could however be distinguished visually because they spontaneously produced different trisomic intermediates in the next step, in accordance with the different arrangement of the aneuploid segments. On the other hand, from diploids heterozygous for T1(I;VII) mitotic crossovers could only be selected when the selective markers were in coupling with the translocation; these crossovers were relatively well-growing and produced frequent secondary segregants of the expected trisomic, 2n+VII, type. For both translocations it was impossible to recover the reciprocal crossover types (which would be trisomic for the distal segments of I and monosomic for most of groups VII or VIII) presumably because these were too inviable to form conidia.—In addition to the selected segregants of expected types a variety of unexpected ones were isolated. The conditions of selection used favour visual detection of aneuploid types, even if these produce only a few conidial heads and are not at a selective advantage. For T2(I;VIII) these "non-selected" unbalanced segregants were mainly "reciprocal" crossovers of the same phenotype and imbalance as the selected ones. For T1(I;VII) two quite different types were obtained, both possibly originating with loss of the small VII-Itranslocation chromosome. One was isolated when the selective marker in repulsion to T1(I;VII) was used and, without being homo- or hemizygous for the selective marker, it produced stable sectors homozygous for this marker. The other was obtained from both coupling and repulsion diploids and showed a near-diploid genotype; it produced practically only haploid stable sectors of the type expected from monosomics, 2n-1 for the short translocation chromosome.

scholarly journals Development of Speech Recognition Systems in Emergency Call Centers

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Alakbar Valizada ◽  
Natavan Akhundova ◽  
Samir Rustamov
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Call Centers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Language Models ◽  
Emergency Call ◽  
Acoustic Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Recognition Systems

In this paper, various methodologies of acoustic and language models, as well as labeling methods for automatic speech recognition for spoken dialogues in emergency call centers were investigated and comparatively analyzed. Because of the fact that dialogue speech in call centers has specific context and noisy, emotional environments, available speech recognition systems show poor performance. Therefore, in order to accurately recognize dialogue speeches, the main modules of speech recognition systems—language models and acoustic training methodologies—as well as symmetric data labeling approaches have been investigated and analyzed. To find an effective acoustic model for dialogue data, different types of Gaussian Mixture Model/Hidden Markov Model (GMM/HMM) and Deep Neural Network/Hidden Markov Model (DNN/HMM) methodologies were trained and compared. Additionally, effective language models for dialogue systems were defined based on extrinsic and intrinsic methods. Lastly, our suggested data labeling approaches with spelling correction are compared with common labeling methods resulting in outperforming the other methods with a notable percentage. Based on the results of the experiments, we determined that DNN/HMM for an acoustic model, trigram with Kneser–Ney discounting for a language model and using spelling correction before training data for a labeling method are effective configurations for dialogue speech recognition in emergency call centers. It should be noted that this research was conducted with two different types of datasets collected from emergency calls: the Dialogue dataset (27 h), which encapsulates call agents’ speech, and the Summary dataset (53 h), which contains voiced summaries of those dialogues describing emergency cases. Even though the speech taken from the emergency call center is in the Azerbaijani language, which belongs to the Turkic group of languages, our approaches are not tightly connected to specific language features. Hence, it is anticipated that suggested approaches can be applied to the other languages of the same group.

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