The Integration of Pitch and Rhythm in Musical Judgment: Testing Age-Related Trends in Novice Listeners

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Demorest ◽  
Ronald C. Serlin
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceptual Development ◽  
Early Music ◽  
Elementary Education Majors ◽  
Suburban School Districts ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pitch Information

Results of a previous study revealed that musically untrained listeners showed a significant, age-related increase in their sensitivity to rhythmic information when judging the degree of difference between a theme and selected pitch and rhythm variations. There was no corresponding increase in their sensitivity to pitch information, and there were no age-related differences in the overall integration process used to reach their judgments. The purpose of this study was to test the possibility that the developmental differences found in the earlier study were due to specific characteristics of the test melody used. Musical novices were randomly sampled from Grades 1, 5, and 9 of three elementary schools and three high schools from three different suburban school districts. Adult musical novices were chosen from elementary education majors tested at the beginning of their required music course. Results using a new, contrasting test melody confirmed the findings of the first study regarding the increased importance of rhythmic information. However, some melody-related differences were found. Implications for early music education experiences and future research in perceptual development are discussed.

Certain Attitudes Toward Occupational Status Held by Music Education Majors

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bergee
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Education Majors ◽  
Elementary Education Majors ◽  
Elementary Education Students ◽  
Mixed Messages ◽  
Negative Messages ◽  
Music Education Majors

Educators today often receive mixed messages about their occupational status. The purposes of this study were (a) to identify sources of negative messages aimed at music education undergraduates, and (b) to investigate undergraduates for a response to negative messages involving systematic elevation of self over typical music educators or fellow students. Ninety-six undergraduates from three major universities responded to a questionnaire containing items based on the purposes just listed. Results indicated sources of negative messages to be newspapers, family, friends, peer group, and educational personnel (e.g., counselors). Subjects demonstrated a significant elevation of self over others in 10 of 11 hypothesized self-over-others situations. To account for a generalized tendency to elevate self over others, the author compared music education majors' responses with responses obtained from a group of elementary education majors. Elementary education students exhibited a less generalized tendency to elevate self over others; results indicated significant differences on 3 of the 11 hypotheses.

scholarly journals Developmental differences in the visual processing of emotionally ambiguous neutral faces based on perceived valence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256109
Author(s):  
Leslie Rollins ◽  
Erin Bertero ◽  
Laurie Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Affective Information ◽  
Ambiguous Faces ◽  
Eye Region

The aim of the present research was to assess age-related differences in how children and adults interpret and visually process emotionally ambiguous neutral faces. Children and adults provided neutral child faces with valence and arousal ratings while eye movements were recorded. Consistent with previous research, children and adults both interpreted the neutral faces as negatively valenced. Both age groups showed fewer fixations to the eye region when they rated the faces as positive. However, adults fixated more on the eye region when they rated the faces as negative whereas children fixated more on the eye region when they rated the faces as neutral. This finding may suggest that children strategically allocate attentional resources to the eye region when processing emotionally ambiguous faces to gather critical affective information. These findings have implications for the utilization of neutral faces as an experimental control condition and serve as the foundation for future research on the development of mechanisms that underlie the interpretation of emotionally ambiguous faces.

scholarly journals COLLABORATIVE VIDEO LOGS: VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE AND ALIVENESS IN THE MUSIC CLASSROOM

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cayari
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Education Majors ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Elementary Education Majors ◽  
Music Classroom ◽  
Virtual Communities Of Practice ◽  
Music Education Majors

A vlog or videoblog is a series of videos that feature someone speaking to the camera to present entertainment, reflection, opinion, or education. Collaborative vlogs (CVLs) involve multiple people taking joint ownership of a vlog through asynchronous interaction, discussion, and expression. This paper explores how online video helped create communities of practice both within the classroom and beyond through developing connections with each other that extended their interactions from the classroom to the Internet. Additionally, they creatively explored new ways to express themselves, developed their identities, and discussed pertinent topics regarding music, technology, and education. To explore the sociological vectors of culture and identity, I adapted a framework of aliveness within communities of practice developed by Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder (2002) to analyze seven semesters of student reflections on CVL projects in music courses that serviced music education majors, elementary education majors, and students from a variety of majors. Through CVLs, students have explored mediated musical practices and shared their lives and experiences in ways that classmates and instructors do not get to see when limited to the classroom. Students and vloggers alike deal with issues of trust within our digital society, and by critically analyzing how the participants in this study developed relationships with each other and me as their instructor, we can better understand how to move forward in the classroom and through social media, video broadcasting sites, and blogging. While the participants in this study were music students, CVLs can be applied to any discipline.

Familiarity with Basic Song Repertoire: Music Education/Therapy Majors versus Elementary Education Majors

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Prickett ◽  
Madeline S. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
Education Majors ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Song Repertoire ◽  
Elementary Education Majors ◽  
Elementary Education Students ◽  
Teaching Music

An audiotape of the tunes of 25 standard songs assumed to be known by everyone who has finished Grade 6 was played for 273 undergraduate music therapy and music education students and 306 elementary education students who were beginning a music skills class. Music majors identified significantly more tunes than did elementary education majors, but the means for both groups indicated that neither had developed a strong repertoire of standard songs outside the college classroom. Several songs that music educators have stated are very important for children to learn could not be identified by even half the students in either group. It is recommended that those preparing elementary education students emphasize building a song repertoire and that those teaching music therapy and education students consider adding this goal to appropriate courses.

Undergraduate Elementary Education Majors' Knowledge of Augmentative and Alternative Communication

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Kessel ◽  
Linda Sue Sickman
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
General Education ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
General Education Teachers ◽  
Classroom Teachers ◽  
Education Majors ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Elementary Education Majors ◽  
Education Major ◽  
Survey Results

Abstract This study describes survey results measuring the knowledge undergraduate elementary education major students have about augmentative and alternative communication. Those students with experience and course knowledge surrounding AAC were more knowledgeable. Implications for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) will be addressed, including how SLPs can provide classroom teachers with classroom support for general education teachers.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Eye Blinks Predict Executive Functioning in Seniors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessika I. V. Buitenweg ◽  
Jaap M. J. Murre ◽  
K. Richard Ridderinkhof
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Memory Updating ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Working Memory Updating

AbstractAs the world’s population is aging rapidly, cognitive training is an extensively used approach to attempt improvement of age-related cognitive functioning. With increasing numbers of older adults required to remain in the workforce, it is important to be able to reliably predict future functional decline, as well as the individual advantages of cognitive training. Given the correlation between age-related decline and striatal dopaminergic function, we investigated whether eye blink rate (EBR), a non-invasive, indirect indicator of dopaminergic activity, could predict executive functioning (response inhibition, switching and working memory updating) as well as trainability of executive functioning in older adults. EBR was collected before and after a cognitive flexibility training, cognitive training without flexibility, or a mock training. EBR predicted working memory updating performance on two measures of updating, as well as trainability of working memory updating, whereas performance and trainability in inhibition and switching tasks could not be predicted by EBR. Our findings tentatively indicate that EBR permits prediction of working memory performance in older adults. To fully interpret the relationship with executive functioning, we suggest future research should assess both EBR and dopamine receptor availability among seniors.

Assessment of Teacher Attitudes Toward Inclusion of Students with Disabilities: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios D. Sideridis ◽  
Judy P. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Education Teachers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fit Index

The Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire (TIAQ) was developed in order to assess the attitudes and beliefs of teachers (n = 110) with regard to the inclusion of students with disabilities in regular education settings. Using Structural Equation Modeling, the final structural model of the TIAQ comprised four constructs, namely, “Skills,” “Benefits,” “Acceptance,” and “Support.” The final model was fully supported by the derivation sample of music education teachers (n = 54) and produced a Comparative Fit Index (CFI = 1.00). The replication sample of physical education teachers (n = 56) partially supported the generality of the TIAQ, (CFI = .844). Further, the internal consistency properties of the TIAQ (Cronbach’s alpha was .77 for both samples) were satisfactory. We conclude that the psychometric properties of the TIAQ were adequate, and it can be used as a valid assessment in evaluating the status of inclusion for students with disabilities as perceived by music education and physical education teachers. However, future research is needed to support its generality with other groups of teachers and professionals.

Looking to the horizon: the role of bilirubin in the development and prevention of age-related chronic diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Heinz Wagner ◽  
Marlies Wallner ◽  
Christine Mölzer ◽  
Silvia Gazzin ◽  
Andrew Cameron Bulmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Age Related ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Future Research Directions

Bilirubin, the principal tetrapyrrole, bile pigment and catabolite of haem, is an emerging biomarker of disease resistance, which may be related to several recently documented biological functions. Initially believed to be toxic in infants, the perception of bilirubin has undergone a transformation: it is now considered to be a molecule that may promote health in adults. Data from the last decade demonstrate that mildly elevated serum bilirubin levels are strongly associated with reduced prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as well as CVD-related mortality and risk factors. Recent data also link bilirubin to other chronic diseases, including cancer and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to all-cause mortality. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that bilirubin is a biomarker for reduced chronic disease prevalence and a predictor of all-cause mortality, which is of important clinical significance. In the present review, detailed information on the association between bilirubin and all-cause mortality, as well as the pathological conditions of CVD, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, is provided. The mechanistic background concerning how bilirubin and its metabolism may influence disease prevention and its clinical relevance is also discussed. Given that the search for novel biomarkers of these diseases, as well as for novel therapeutic modalities, is a key research objective for the near future, bilirubin represents a promising candidate, meeting the criteria of a biomarker, and should be considered more carefully in clinical practice as a molecule that might provide insights into disease resistance. Clearly, however, greater molecular insight is warranted to support and strengthen the conclusion that bilirubin can prevent disease, with future research directions also proposed.

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