Behind Classroom Code Switching: Layering and Language Choice in L2 Learner Interaction

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Learner Interaction

scholarly journals The Code-Switching on Facebook Profiles of Different Genders: The Case of Šalčininkai District

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Violeta Miliun
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Electronic Discourse ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Single Sentence ◽  
Research Material

 This study investigates functions of code-switching based on the model proposed by René Appel and Pieter Muysken. Code-switching is an interesting sociolinguistic phenomenon characteristic to bilingual and multilingual communities. It involves the use of different languages within the boundaries of a single sentence or between sentences in one specific domain or discourse. It is an individual language choice determined by such factors as the topic, the situation, the participants of a conversation, their interrelationship, emotions, and demonstration of one or more identities. On this basis, Appel and Muysken (2005) identified six functions of code-switching: referential, directive, expressive (related to identity), phatic (metaphorical), metalinguistic and poetic. This paper sets out to achieve several goals: (a) to find out which of these functions appear in the Facebook discourse of young people originated from Šalčininkai district, (b) to identify the main types of functions in girls’ and boys’ profiles, and (c) to study the frequency of the functions with regard to the variable of gender. The research material consists of 1 048 posts and comments published in 2017–2018 and obtained from 30 Facebook profiles. The dataset represents young people aged between 20 and 30 years, with Polish as their school language. Facebook posts and comments are investigated from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. The research results show that functionally code-switching is similar in both girls’ and boys’ Facebook discourse. On the profiles of both genders, the number of functions is identical, but the frequency of these functions varies. In the datasets of both genders, the most predominant function is directive, which appears when languages change depending on the language chosen by the interlocutor. This research could be informative for sociolinguists who investigate electronic discourse of young people from South East Lithuania and for those who focus on how environment influences the emergence of different linguistic codes on Facebook. The research could also stimulate greater interest of sociolinguists in the conversational features of residents in Šalčininkai district.

Language choice and appositive structures in written texts in Rwanda

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gafaranga
Keyword(s):  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Practical Issue ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Language Alternation ◽  
Practical Level

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, research should aim to describe specific interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and outlines a methodology for doing so. This chapter illustrates this methodology by means of a specific case study. It describes the language choice practice of translinguistic apposition as observed in written texts in Rwanda. In Rwanda, authors often construct appositive structures in two languages. In turn, this possibility raises a theoretical as well as a practical issue. At the theoretical level language alternation is observed in “highly regulated texts” and, at the practical level, readers are assumed to be competent in all the languages involved. The chapter argues that the first issue does not actually arise as language alternation is oriented to as deviance and the second is resolved by reference to notion of ascribed linguistic competence in context.

Language choice and conversational repair in bilingual interaction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gafaranga
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Additional Resource ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Language Alternation ◽  
Conversational Repair ◽  
Research Questions

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, research should aim to describe specific interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and outlines a methodology for doing so. This chapter illustrates this methodology by means of a specific case study. The chapter describes the interactional practice of conversational repair in bilingual interaction. Two research questions are raised: (a) where in the repair sequence can language alternation occur and (b) what does language alternation do when it occurs in repair sequences. It is shown that language alternation interacts with repair organisation in two ways. Either language alternation is the focus of conversational repair or it is an additional resource for the organisation of conversational repair.

Multilingualism and ethnic stereotypes: The Tariana of northwest Amazonia

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRA Y. AIKHENVALD
Keyword(s):  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
National Language ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Ethnic Stereotypes ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Better Than

Tariana is spoken by about 100 people in the multilingual area of the Vaupés basin in northwest Amazonia (Brazil). Other languages spoken in the area are members of the East Tucanoan subgroup, with its most numerous representative, the Tucano language, rapidly gaining ground as a lingua franca. Also spoken are Makú languages; Baniwa, an Arawak language spoken on the fringes of the area and closely related to Tariana; and Portuguese, the national language. The area is known for its language group exogamy and institutionalized multilingualism, with its language being the badge of identity for each group. Language choice is motivated by power relationship and by status, and there are strict rules for code-switching. Inserting bits of other languages while speaking Tariana (“code-mixing”) has different consequences that mirror existing ethnic stereotypes. Code-mixing with Tucano is considered a “language violation”; using elements of Baniwa is considered funny, while mixing different Tariana dialects implies that one “cannot speak Tariana properly.” Overusing Portuguese is associated with the negative image of an Indian who tries to be better than his peers.

Emotion and emotion-laden words in the bilingual lexicon

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANETA PAVLENKO
Keyword(s):  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Bilingual Lexicon ◽  
The Third ◽  
Emotion Concepts ◽  
Separate Class ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Concrete Words

The purpose of this paper is to draw on recent studies of bilingualism and emotions to argue for three types of modifications to the current models of the bilingual lexicon. The first modification involves word categories: I will show that emotion words need to be considered as a separate class of words in the mental lexicon, represented and processed differently from abstract and concrete words. The second modification involves conceptual representations: I will demonstrate that emotion concepts vary across languages and that bilinguals' concepts may, in some cases, be distinct from those of monolingual speakers. The third modification involves emotionality: I will argue that emotionality is an important feature of the bilingual lexicon, where different languages and word types display different levels of emotionality. I will also show how differential emotionality affects code-switching and language choice in bi- and multilinguals.

scholarly journals Pidgin in Creative Works in English in Cameroon

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Jean Paul Kouega ◽  
Mildred Aseh
Keyword(s):  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Creative Writers ◽  
Short Utterances

Summary This study, which deals with code-switching and language choice in multilingual contexts, describes the use of Pidgin in creative works in English in Cameroon, with the focus on the forms that this language takes in the works, the types of characters who are made to speak this language, and the functions that this language plays in these works. The data comprise three plays and two novels, all published between 2000 and 2006 by experienced writers who have a good command of English and yet make their characters speak in Pidgin. The analysis shows that Pidgin in the corpus takes the form of individual lexemes like salaka (libation, sacrifice) and relatively short utterances like This sun fit kill man (This sun is so hot that it can kill someone.). The characters who speak Pidgin in these literary works are generally low-ranking and rural people, illiterates and other people who are hardly looked up to in the Cameroonian society. Finally, Pidgin helps writers to realise some stylistic effects such as variations on the scale of formality, with English being used when addressing a superior person and Pidgin when addressing an inferior person. Most importantly, creative writers reproduce in their works what is observed in the Cameroonian society and this can be regarded as a formal way of enhancing their readers’ plurilingual competence.

Language choice and code switching of the elderly and the youth

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (200) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Khemlani David ◽  
Wendy Yee Mei Tien ◽  
Ngeow Yeok Meng ◽  
Gan Kah Hui
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching
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