Нistoriographical characteristics of the aggregated data published on the official Facebook pages of the Lviv Regional State Administration

The article is devoted to the analysis of a separate class of historical sources — aggregated data and the format of their presentation in the Ukrainian segment of the Internet, in particular, on the official Facebook pages of the authorities and administration of Ukraine. The groups, types, and kinds of aggregated data that can be used in the research activities of the historian, if for some reason such information is not available on other resources, were described. The question of qualitative characteristics of different types of aggregated data is considered, namely: significance, validity, relevance. An assessment is given of the studied array of summary data of such types as departmental statistics, expert data, the content of publications, information about events available on the official Facebook pages of the Lviv Regional State Administration (LRSA), and analysis of their historiographical characteristics.

A Review of the electrochemical corrosion of metals in choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of mixtures with melting points notably lower than those of their raw constituent components. These liquids have found a tremendously wide spectrum of applications in the last two decades of their research, so their contact and interaction with technical metals and alloys are inevitable. Therefore, the corrosivity of DESs towards metals is an extremely important topic. This review summarizes research efforts collected in the last two decades related to the corrosion rate of various metals in different DESs. Since the DESs are mainly composed of organic raw compounds, and by their physicochemical properties they may be regarded as a separate class of ionic liquids, the literature data about DESs corrosivity has been compared to the data related to the corrosivity of various organic solvents and ionic liquids as well. All the results gained until now show significantly low corrosivity of DESs. This observation is discussed in relation to the chemical composition of DESs. The absence of the oxidizing agents, the inhibitory action of organic ions and molecules, high viscosity and low electrical conductivity have been recognized as the main factors contributing to the low metal corrosion rate in DESs.

HUMANIZATION OF BODY PENALTIES APPLIED TO THE MINISTERS OF THE CHURCH

В XVIII в. служители церкви, не преодолев еще существующих ранее сложностей, вынужденно столкнулись с новыми проблемами в виде непростых отношений со светской государственной властью. Священнослужители, являясь на тот момент обособленной сословной группой, во многом привилегированной, в то же время наказывались за отдельные проступки и преступления наравне с представителями податных сословий российского общества, в том числе и телесно. Болезненные телесные наказания в рассматриваемый период были широко применимы и разнообразны: битье кнутом, битье розгами, битье плетьми, битье шелепами, битье шпицрутенами, битье батогами и т. д. Цели назначения и применения телесных наказаний также разнились: одних наказывали с целью воспитания, наказывая других, пытались устрашить, в некоторых случаях наказание несло функцию превенции и т. п. Законодатель в рассматриваемый исторический период увидел в существующей практике применения телесных наказаний противоречие между важной социальной ролью, определяемой государством и церковью для церковнослужителей и их реальным положением в социуме. Анализ путей преодоления законодателем и церковной властью этого противоречия и явился целью настоящего исследования. In the XVIII century, the ministers of the church, not having overcome the difficulties that still existed earlier, were forced to face new problems, in the form of difficult relations with the secular state power. The clergy, being at that time, a separate class group, largely privileged, at the same time, were punished for individual offenses and crimes on an equal basis with representatives of the taxable classes of Russian society, including physically. Painful corporal punishments in the period under review were widely applicable and varied: whipping, whipping with rods, whipping with whips, whipping with shelepami, whipping with shpitsruten, whipping with batogami, etc. The purpose of the appointment and application of corporal punishment also varied: some were punished for the purpose of education, punishing others, trying to intimidate, in some cases the punishment had the function of prevention, etc. The legislator in the historical period under review saw in the existing practice of the use of corporal punishment a contradiction between the important social role defined by the state and the church for churchmen and their real position in society. The purpose of this study is to analyze the ways in which the legislator and the church authorities overcome this contradiction.

Making a case for the spiritual significance of Dinkho tsa Badimo as sacred ceramics in museum collections

Ceramics as cultural heritage objects have been extensively studied with the main focus being on their functions as vessels used for the transportation, storage, processing and serving of food, and through this study of foodstuffs an exploration of past lifeways, social exchanges and processes. Part of these social processes include beliefs, myths and rituals, particularly those of rulers and chiefs that promote the welfare and wellbeing of a community and assist in social cohesion such as rainmaking. Oftentimes these intangible practices are carried out through tangible conduits such as ceramic vessels, whether to hold potions or mix medicines. Few studies however have focussed their attention on these artefacts, and likewise few have focussed on rituals in domestic settings as used by. In this context, the small ancestral vessel, or Dinkho tsa Badimo, as used by families to engage the ancestors is the focus of the present research. Past museum collection practices could be the cause for this oversight, as these vessels were misidentified, misclassified and incorporated into collections as common household wares, which they resemble. However, highlighting the significance and importance of Dinkho tsa Badimo as a separate class of ceramics, which could be considered ’sacred’, requires particular consideration in curatorial practice informed by appropriate cultural protocols. This article, based on interviews with traditional healers and supplemented with published references seeks to underline the importance of the use of ancestral ceramic vessels in the spiritual practices of Sesotho-Setswana cultural groups of Southern Africa.

An Evolving Understanding of Enigmatic Large Ripples on Mars

<p>Unlike terrestrial sandy deserts, Mars hosts two scales of ripples in fine sand. Larger, meter-scale ripples are morphologically distinct from small, decimeter-scale ripples, and their size, in particular, decreases with increasing atmospheric density. As a result, it was recently proposed that the equilibrium size of the larger ripples is set by an aerodynamic process, which makes them larger under thinner atmospheres. Under this hypothesis, large martian ripples would be distinct from smaller, decimeter-scale impact ripples in a mechanistic sense. Several workers have followed up on these initial observations to either corroborate, counter, or expand upon that hypothesis. Notably, a mechanistic model that not only corroborates the hypothesis that the size of large martian ripples is set by an aerodynamic process but also suggests that they arise from an aerodynamic instability, distinct from the grain-impact instability thought to be responsible for the formation of impact ripples, was developed. Conversely, other workers proposed that large ripples can develop from small impact ripples in a numerical model due to Mars’ low atmospheric pressure. In the latter model, the ripples’ growth-limiting mechanism is consistent with an aerodynamic process, but the large ripples would not be a separate class of ripples – they would simply be a larger version of the small impact ripples. Here, we explore this debate by synthesizing recent advances in large-ripple formation and offer potential avenues to address outstanding questions. Although significant knowledge gaps remain, it is clear that large martian ripples are larger where the atmosphere is less dense. The size of large martian ripples thus remain a powerful paleoclimate indicator.</p>

SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF LINEAR INERTIAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Problem. To increase the metrological reliability of measuring systems at technical objects, the number of sensors measuring the same process parameter is increased to several units and a model of a multi-channel measuring system is synthesized. This synthesis is usually based on the use of Markov's theory of linear filtering, but the presence of a connection between the input and output signals of the linear inertial system through the convolution integral significantly complicates the process of obtaining the optimal device. Goal. The aim of the article is to develop a method for approximating the integral equation of convolution, which describes a linear inertial system, and to estimate the limits of its application on the example of linear inertial sensors. Methodology. Instead of the output signal in the form of a convolution equation, the output signal, defined as the product of the input signal to an unknown time function is used. This function is represented by the Karhunen-Loev series. The distance in the functional space with a quadratic metric between these output signals is minimized by means of a genetic algorithm and the coefficients of the series and, therefore, the unknown function itself, are determined. Results. In the simulation, the relative difference between the output signals, which were calculated from exact and simplified expressions, was determined. Realizations of stationary signals were used as input signals, and the pulse characteristics of the linear inertial system varied over a wide range. The errors of approximation of the integral convolution equation by a simple model do not exceed a few percent. Origina-lity. The approximation of the convolution equation by a simplified model of the system is original and, although it cannot be applied in a wide range of conditions, it is acceptable for a separate class of stationary signals without restrictions. The accuracy of the approximation of the convolution equation is greatest if the width of the spectrum of the input signals is less than the bandwidth of the measuring system. Practical value. The obtained connection between input and output signals based on a simplified model allows to synthesize multi-channel measuring systems using advanced Markov filtering methods for a separate class of stationary input signals. To expand the application of the method in a wide range of conditions, a set of simplified models that are created in advance can be used.

Waveguide microwave filters technical solutions, development trends and calculation methods.

Various frequency selective devices manufactured by different technologies are used in modern microwave systems to filtering electromagnetic signals. Planar structures on dielectric substrates find a wide spread in low- and average-level (less than 100 W) power systems. Microwave filters on cavities and waveguides are utilized in high-power systems for these purposes. Waveguide filters are the separate class of perspective functional devices dynamically developing in the present time. Diversity of designs of such filters, techniques of their manufacturing and methods of calculation is quite high. In conjunction with this a review of waveguide microwave filters of different frequency ranges is carried out in the present work. Their classification is proposed. It is shown that waveguide filters are well adapted for operating at different frequencies both in microwave and terahertz ranges. Structures of filters, some methods of their manufacturing and mathematical modeling are analyzed.

Labile anticausatives in Jordanian Arabic

This study examines the morpho-syntax of labile anticausative structures in Jordanian Arabic (JA). Although the transitive counterpart of anticausatives is marked via morphological affixes that reflect structural and lexical components in Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, a number of verbs involving causative alternation exhibit identical forms in JA (e.g., ġala [+T] ‘to CAUSE boil something’ vs ġala [–T] ‘to BECOME boil’). Such variation poses challenges for mapping between verb morphology and its lexical semantics. To handle such variation, which is also observed cross-linguistically, we argue in favour of Schäfer (2008; 2012), Schäfer & Vivanco (2015), and Ramchand’s (2008) “causer-less” analysis over Koontz-Garboden’s (2009) “reflexive” analysis. This work further assumes the existence of a Voice phrase lacking a specifier (external argument) and assumes that Voice projection is headed by an implied Voice head (vcauser) that syntactically assigns the accusative case to its new subject and semantically encodes the internal argument and describes the resultant subevent of the verb. The work also provides an alternative solution for voice projection that lacks an explicit specifier bearing [+agent] or [+causer] feature specification. The work assumes the presence of an inchoative Voice head [vinch] introducing the Spec Voice Phrase, which encodes an inchoative resultant state of an event achieved over its theme. Contrary to Al-Qadi (2015), the present model assumes that such verbs constitute a middle position between transitive and intransitive verbs in JA but do not constitute a separate class of their own. Evidently, the correct characterization of the anticausative subclass distribution is that it surfaces wherever v is transitive as well as in intransitive volitional contexts (a non-natural class). More intriguingly, the presented material suggests that there is an ongoing process of diachronic change in spoken Arabic varieties (including JA) that amounts to the development and expansion of an inchoative class where no external or internal inchoative detransitivizing morphemes are involved. This topic, which incorporates an intriguing diachronic dimension in addition to the syntactic details, is missing from the generative literature on Arabic morpho-syntax and is potentially of sufficient interest to merit investigation.

Application of proteases in the meat industry: a review

The rigidity of meat systems is due to many factors, including different ratio of fibrillar and globular proteins, as well as their structural features. The need to soften meat systems with a high content of various types of connective tissue, as well as the possibility of correcting the processes associated with abnormal autolysis during the maturation of meat raw materials and the formation of a dry rigid structure, are relevant today. The review presents the use of peptidases of plant, animal and bacterial origin, including their separate class — collagenases, which are used for tenderizing meat. Also, recombinant targeting proteases that have high potential are presented; so, there is a need to develop effective applications for their use.

Fluorescent Bulk Waveguide Sensor in Porous Glass: Concept, Fabrication, and Testing

In this work, we suggest the new concept of sensing elements—bulk waveguides (BWGs) fabricated by the laser direct writing technique inside porous glass (PG). BWGs in nanoporous materials are promising to be applied in the photonics and sensors industries. Such light-guiding components interrogate the internal conditions of nanoporous materials and are able to detect chemical or physical reactions occurring inside nanopores especially with small molecules, which represent a separate class for sensing technologies. After the writing step, PG plates are impregnated with the indicator—rhodamine 6G—which penetrates through the nanoporous framework to the BWG cladding. The experimental investigation proved the concept by measuring the spectral characteristics of an output signal. We have demonstrated that the BWG is sensitive to ethanol molecules captured by the nanoporous framework. The sensitivity of the peak shift in the fluorescence spectrum to the refractive index of the solution is quantified as 6250 ± 150 nm/RIU.