The Roles of Parents Teachers Association in School-Age Children’s Psychosocial Development According to Erik Erikson

People these days tend to avoid their attention from child’s psychosocial development while it holds serious role for the psyhcological and social development of children to find their true identity in the future. According to Erik Erikson, there are 8 stages of phsychosocial development of human starts when a human being is born to the final stage which is at 65 years old above. In this theory, Erikson emphasizes that every stage holds its importance and that they relate each other. Which means the first stage affects the next stage and so forth. This research is aimed to analyze Erikson’s 8 stages development of psychosocial on school-age children and how parents and teachers should respond and provide suitable treatment for these children.The methodology in this research is literature research where author collects the information about 8 stages psychosocial development from journal, books, reviews, or previous research. From this research, author finds that parents must give proper and suitable parenting style for their child especially during their school periods where child needs support, motivation and stimulus either from parents or teachers or their surroundings through intensive communication. For addition, through this research too, author finds that the ability for teachers to understand these 8 stages will give them the sight to provide more chances for the children to grow well and find their true identity. From this research, we can conclude that either teachers and parents need to cooperatively work together to provides proper and suitable treatment for children’s psychosocial development according to Erikson’s 8 stages development.

Golden: Reworking the Psychosocial Maldevelopment of the Obedient Kid

Well-behaved children might seem well, but may actually harbor self-doubt, a strong sense of guilt, and a weak ego identity which will bring them problems emotionally and socially in their later life. This creative work, Golden, was created to raise a discussion on this issue by trying to answer how children may end up developing these traits, what the effects are, and how to recover. To answer this, Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development is used as the base for this coming-of-age drama musical screenplay. It follows the story of an obedient daughter, Annisa. Connected with the theory, Annisa ended with the dystonic “guilt” in the play age stage because of how her mother raised her. Thus, in adolescent stage she lacks emotional resilience in an initiative-based environment. However, since she is enduring the complications and growing a sense of trust, finally, she achieves balance and is healed.Keywords: good child, Erik Erikson, psychosocial maldevelopment, recovery, coming-of-age drama, musical film

TEORI PSIKOSOSIAL ERIK ERIKSON: IMPLIKASINYA BAGI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN DI SEKOLAH

ABSTRAKTeori Perkembangan Psikososial menurut Erik Erikson menjadi salah satu sumbangsih penting bagi dunia pendidikan, termasuk pendidikan agama Kristen. Delapan tahapan yang diutarakan oleh Erikson dapat dipastikan dilalui oleh setiap individu dalam perkembangan kehidupannya, meskipun tidak semua dapat melaluinya dengan sempurna. Sumbangsih teori ini bagi pendidikan agama Kristen menjadi pertimbangan penting, meskipun bukan satu-satunya teori perkembangan yang mesti dijadikan pertimbangan dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan, khususnya pendidikan agama Kristen. Dalam artikel ini akan dijelaskan delapan tahapan perkembangan psikososial, tinjauan dan relevansinya bagi pendidikan agama Kristen yang ada di sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian studi kepustakaan (library re-search) yang di mana dilakukan pengumpulan data pustaka dengan membaca dan mengolah bahan menjadi sebuah penelitian. Hasil dan kesimpulannya, keberhasilan di tahap awal mempengaruhi peluang keberhasilan di tahap berikutnya. Dalam hal ini, peserta didik sendirilah yang mengembangkan keseimbangan tahapan demi tahapan. Dengan kata lain, hasil dari setiap tahapan mempengaruhi peluang hasil positif di tahapan berikutnya.Kata Kunci: Teori Psikososial, Erik Erikson, Pendidikan Agama Kristen, sekolahABSTRACTPsychosocial development theory according to Erik Erikson is an important contribution in education sector including Christian religious education. The eight stages can certainly be passed by most individuals in their life’s development. The contribution of this theory to Christian religious education is an important consideration, although this theory is not the only theory of development that must be taken into consideration in the provision of education. In this article, the eight stages of psychosocial development is explained, an overview, and the relevance for Christian religious education in schools. This study uses library research method where library data is collected by reading and processing the material. The result reports success in the early stages affecting the chances of success in later stages. In other words, the outcome of each stage affects the chances of a positive outcome in the next stage.Keywords: Psychosocial Theory, Erik Erikson, Christian Religious Education, School

Emerging Adulthood : Pengembangan Teori Erikson Mengenai Teori Psikososial Pada Abad 21

: Erik Erikson, a neo-psychoanalyst, developed the psychosocial stages of humans that became the reference for human development. One of the psychosocial stages is early adulthood which has the task of forming intimacy. Erikson does not explain the transition from adolescence to young adulthood which is full of conflicts between self-expectations and the demands of the times. Erikson's theory was further developed by Arnett (2000) because there were changes in the times which resulted in the task demands in young adulthood changing. Arnett proposed a new developmental stage, namely emerging adulthood, an extended adolescent transitional phase, ranging from 18-29 years of age.Arnett's theory is further expanded by Robbins and Wilner (2001) to find the phenomenon of quarter life crisis, a phenomenon of anxiety about the future by 20-year-old adolescents who form independence both financially and in romantic relationships. This article contains a review of the views of adulthood that emerged in the 20th century and the life of the quarter-life crisis that is currently being discussed. The research method used is literacy studies by looking for the last 10 years of research on emerging adulthood. The results of the literacy study report that changes in social norms and technological advances have changed the structure of society so as to produce a new stage, namely emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood has various crisis conditions that occur when individuals complete their education. Keywords: Psychosocial Stage, Quarter Life Crisis, Emerging Adulthood Abstrak :Erik Erikson, seorang neo-psikoanalis, mengembangkan tahap psikososial manusia yang menjadi acuan bagi perkembangan manusia. Salah satu tahapan psikososial adalah masa dewasa awal yang memiliki tugas membentuk keintiman. Erikson tidak menjelaskan transisi masa remaja ke masa dewasa muda yang penuh dengan konflik antara ekspektasi diri dan tuntutan zaman. Teori Erikson dikembangkan lagi oleh Arnett (2000) karena ada perubahan zaman yang mengakibatkan tugas tuntutan di masa dewasa muda berubah. Arnett mengajukan tahapan perkembangan baru yaitu emerging adulthood, fase transisi remaja yang diperpanjang, berkisar antara usia 18-29 tahun. Teori Arnett diperluas lagi oleh Robbins dan Wilner (2001) menemukan fenomena quarter life crisis, fenomena kecemasan tentang masa depan oleh remaja berusia 20 tahun yang membentuk kemandirian baik secara finansial maupun dalam hubungan romantis. Artikel ini berisi menijau kembali pandangan masa dewasa yang muncul abad 20 serta kehidupan krisis seperempat kehidupan yang sedang marak diperbincangkan. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan kajian literasi dengan mencari penelitian 10 tahun terakhir mengenai emerging adulthood. Hasil kajian literasi melaporkan perubahan norma sosial dan kemajuan teknologi telah mengubah struktur masyarakat sehingga menghasilkan satu tahapan baru yaitu emerging adulthood. Masa emerging adulthood memiliki berbagai kondisi krisis terjadi ketika individu menyelesaikan pendidikannya. Kata Kunci : Tahapan Psikososial, Krisis Kehidupanm Masa Dewasa

Narrative identity as a bridge between two historical models of identity: a sociologist’s perspective

The current concepts of identity widespread throughout social sciences are basically linked to two historical models. One is connected to psychology, while the other is related to sociology. In psychology, the concept of identity is traditionally considered to come from the work of Erik Erikson, who considers that identity is to be found in the deep structure of personality. Erikson studies the development of identity. He attributes central importance to the question of man’s inner unity. In sociology, the concept of identity is usually linked to George Herbert Mead, who traces identity back to interaction between the individual and society. According to this, identity is shaped by social conventions, which can be conveyed by a profession, a role or a social situation. As those constantly undergo change, the individual’s identity is continuously changing as well. Erikson’s is regarded as an essentialist approach, whereas Mead’s is called a constructivist one. The problem is not that there are differences between these two historical models, but that their adherents never or hardly ever reflect upon each other’s views. A solution to this problem could be offered through the concept of narrative identity, to which the author of this study attributes a bridging role, due to the recent appearance of several new theories which consciously undertake to “reconcile” the two historical models (“the double track”). The present study starts by describing the development and deepening of the current chasm between the two historical models. Next, it outlines several theories of narrative identity which are becoming increasingly popular both in sociology and in psychology. While the influence of the two historical models can also be detected in the theories of narrative identity, they make a perceivable effort to play a bridging role. If sociology wants to use narratives as sources in the research of identity, it should take into account the fact that the individual is striving to reach a kind of inner identity and stability even in late modern circumstances. Likewise, if narratives are to be used for research in psychology, it must be acknowledged that social circumstances in our modern world are extremely changeable, which hinders the formation of a stable, inner identity core. I suggest that that narrative identity started to be seen as bridge. In sociology, no reflection upon this process has begun yet. The aim of this study is to articulate the problem and to promote further reflection in sociology and psychology as well.

INFLUENCE OF SENSE OF COHERENCE ON DEPRESSION AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN OLD AGE

Background:Old age is commonly viewed as a period of decreased physical activity,agitation and,increased calmness; depression or stress is not commonly acknowledged in the population. According to Erik Erikson, older adults experience Ego Integrity vs Despair, where people review their life cycle and accept it as something that had to be, resulting in wholeness or a sense of coherence. A lack of it would result in despair, where one's life is seen as being unproductive and guilt about the past, having not accomplished life goal leads to dissatisfaction and depression. Therefore,people with a poor sense of coherence could have higher levels of perceived stress and depression in them when compared to those who have a strong sense of coherence. Purpose: The study thus focuses on exploring the relationship between depression, perceived stress, and sense of coherence among the elderly population. Methods: Data was collected through the Sense of Coherence Scale,Perceived stress scale,and geriatric depression scale-15 from a sample of 40 from old age (people over 60 years). Out of which 20 were living in old age homes and 20 with their families.Statistical analyses were conducted using Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation and T-test.Results: There was a mild to moderate negative correlation between perceived stress and sense of coherence and a mild to moderate negative correlation between depression and sense of coherence. There was a significant difference in the levels of perceived stress and depression between people living in their homes and old age homes.

Gender, Sexuality, and Psychological Theories of Youth Development

Gender and sexual identity play a significant role in the lives of developing youth. The developments of gender and sexual identities are shaped by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, biological, cognitive, and social elements. It is crucial to consider that gender and sexual minority individuals face additional complexities in the two processes of gender identity and sexual identity development. Cisgender identity development is most commonly understood with the help of early cognitive and social theories, although biological components play a part as well. Specifically, the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg, Sandra Bem, Alfred Bandura, and David Buss have made significant contributions to the understanding of cisgender identity development. Modern transgender identity development models are helpful in exploring transgender identity formation with the most popular being the Transgender Emergence Model founded by Arlene Lev. Similar to cisgender identity development, heterosexual identity development is typically understood with the help of early psychosocial theories, namely that of Erik Erikson. Sexual minority identity development is often comprehended using stage models and life-span models. Sexual minority stage models build off the work of Erik Erikson, with one of the most popular being the Cass Model of Gay and Lesbian Identity Development. Offering more flexibility than stage models and allowing for fluid sexual identity, life-span models, like the D’Augelli model, are often more popular choices for modern exploration of sexual minority identity development. As both sexual and gender identity spectrums are continuing to expand, there also comes a need for an exploration of the relationship between sexual and gender identity development, particularly among sexual minority populations.

Sensul în viață la vârsta a treia. Stadiu de dezvoltare a personalitatii umane

Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl is among the first researchers of the meaning of life. His studies demonstrate the importance of living a meaningful life (Frankl, 1963). Meaning in life has become an important psychological concept in the research of emotional balance throughout life and decisive for the feeling of a fulfilled life in old age. Michael F. Steger's research shows that people who have a meaning in life, sense, and purpose generally feel happier and more satisfied daily, less depressed, anxious, and less likely to engage in risky behaviors. The six-factor model of psychological well-being is a theory developed by Carol Ryff (Carol Ryff, 1989). The meaning of life is studied according to age, age dynamics. The stages of development highlighted by Erik Erikson attach special importance to the meaning given to life lived in the developmental stage suggestively called "Integrity vs. Despair". Theories on aging highlight the terms "salutogenesis” and “pathogenesis”(Antonovsky, 1979) that imply different perspectives on life. Theories agree that meaning in life is an important concept in the ontogenesis of the human personality, necessary for the general well-being of the individual (Carol Ryff) being reflected in the state of physical health and the present emotional disposition (status). What is important, as a conclusion, is that all psychological factors are involved in the meaning of this life. To the extent that man has a meaning, his entire psychic structure participates in its realization. The current study highlights the changes that occur in the personality of the individual in old age and the psychological mechanisms with an adaptive role in this regard.

KEPRIBADIAN TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL API TAUHID KARYA HABIBURRAHMAN EL SHIRAZY: KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI ERIK ERIKSON

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy; (2) kepribadian tokoh utama dalam novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy berdasarkan kajian psikologi Erik Erikson. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah kata-kata, frasa, kalimat, dan kutipan yang terdapat dalam novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy. Sedangkan, sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu sebagai berikut. (1) Unsur intrinsik novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy meliputi: (a) tema novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy adalah perjuangan Badiuzzaman Said Nursi menghidupkan agama Islam di Turki Utsmani.; (b) alur yang digunakan dalam novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy yaitu alur maju; (c) latar novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy meliputi latar tempat, waktu, dan sosial; (d) tokoh novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy yaitu terdapat satu tokoh utama dan empat puluh dua tokoh tambahan; (e) sudut pandang novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy yaitu menggunakan sudut pandang orang ketiga “Dia”. (2) Kepribadian tokoh utama dalam novel Api Tauhid karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy meliputi: (a) kepercayaan dasar versus ketidakpercayaan dasar yang terdapat pada kepribadian tokoh utama yaitu kepercayaan dasar yang ditandai dengan kemudahan makannya, yaitu mendapat asi atau menyusu pada ibunya; (b) otonomi versus rasa malu dan keraguan yang terdapat pada tokoh utama yaitu ditandai dengan tumbuhnya kemauan baik salah satunya perilaku mau bertanya; (c) inisiatif versus perasaan bersalah yang terdapat pada tokoh utama yaitu ditandai dengan adanya perkembangan rasa ingin tahu dan keterampilan bahasa; (d) Industri versus inferioritas yang terdapat pada tokoh utama yaitu ditandai dengan adanya kontak dan pengalaman baru di dunia sosial; (e) identitas versus kebingungan peran yang terdapat pada tokoh utama yaitu ditandai dengan perilaku tokoh yang sudah mulai sibuk dengan dirinya sendiri dan adanya identitas ego yang cukup baik; (f) intimasi versus pengasingan yang terdapat pada tokoh utama yaitu ditandai dengan adanya keakraban yang terbangun pada Badiuzzaman Said Nursi dan pengikutnya; (g) generativitas versus stagnasi yang terdapat pada tokoh utama yaitu ketika Badiuzzaman Said Nursi mulai menempatkan dirinya di masyarakat untuk memberikan pengajaran dan juga memberikan ide atau gagasan dalam menyumbang pembangunan dunia menjadi lebih baik; dan (h) integritas ego versus keputusasaan yang terdapat pada tokoh utama yaitu ditandai ketika Badiuzzaman Said Nursi berusaha mereflesikan kehidupannya di masa lalu. Namun, ia merasa putus asa karena telah ditinggal ibu dan keponakannya yang sangat ia sayangi.