scholarly journals Choreography of the Past: Accounting and the Writing of Christine de Pizan

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Miley ◽  
Andrew Read
Keyword(s):  
Christine De Pizan ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Budget Management ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Past ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
Love Of God ◽  
The City

ABSTRACTThis research discusses The Treasure of the City of Ladies, a manuscript written by Christine de Pizan in France during the early 15th century to give guidance on account keeping and budgeting. Christine de Pizan was born in Italy but raised in the French royal court. Her manuscript gives the keeping of accounts and budget management a religious imperative. She describes them as functions where the three divine virtues of reason, rectitude, and justice are applied. Christine de Pizan describes how demonstrating these virtues through the proper keeping of accounts and budgets is a way to demonstrate love of God. Although historical accounting records show how accounting was done, this manuscript explains why it was done. In giving a rationale for single-entry bookkeeping and budgeting, the manuscript provides a source that prevents present-mindedness when attempting to undertake contemporary analyses of accounting records from this historical period.

Art in Renaissance Siena

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Nevola
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

While the first half of the 14th century, during the period in which Siena was ruled by the elected officials known as the “Nine” (1287–1355), has tended to be considered the city’s political, economic, and cultural heyday, scholarship over the past decades has reassessed the period following the demographic disaster inflicted by the Black Death (1348). Siena remained an independent city-state through much of the Renaissance period, losing its independence to the Imperial forces of Emperor Charles V (1555), who then ceded it briefly to his son Philip (later Philip II) and who, in turn, sold the city in 1557 to Duke Cosimo de’ Medici to form part of the Medici dominions. Sienese political life throughout the 15th century was marked by complex wrangling between rival factions, although the republican system prevailed—with an intermission during the ascendancy of the quasi-prince Pandolfo Petrucci (c. 1503–1512) and his heirs (to 1525)—until its loss of independence. As a result, a pattern of civic patronage remained at the fore, with major commissions funded by and directed toward the main civic institutions, including the city hall (Palazzo Pubblico), cathedral, and public hospital (Santa Maria della Scala) as well as public infrastructure, such as gates, walls, and water supply. Based, in part, on the continuities of government and its institutions from the 14th century into the Renaissance period, the art of Siena has tended to be characterized in the scholarly literature by elements of tradition and continuity. Until relatively recently, 15th-century painting was viewed quite simplistically as slavishly continuing in the vein of the earlier century, characterized by gold backgrounds and religious iconography derived from local civic devotion and a resistance to stylistic innovation. Nevertheless, a wave of new studies over the past fifteen years has led to a reappraisal of the city’s artistic production. These works have tended to view the distinctive style that characterized Sienese art as consciously defining a local identity through painting, sculpture, and architecture that was unique, and intentionally different, from that of its close neighbor and competitor, Florence. Although there is no comparison between the volume of research conducted on Siena and that on major Renaissance cities such as Rome, Florence, and Venice, Siena has certainly earned the status of a place worthy of consideration among the significant sites of artistic production. This article reveals that English-language research on Sienese art is far from systematic, and it is surprising that many major artists have received only limited attention.

Byzantine Aphrodisias: changing the symbolic map of a city

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban History ◽  
First Century ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The City ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity

The excavation of Aphrodisias in Caria has now uncovered so substantial an area of the city that the site must now feature in studies of both the Ancient and Byzantine city. Aphrodisias offers an example of a city whose history runs from the second half of the first century BC (when the settlement first prospered as a Free City in the fertile plain around the shrine of Aphrodite) until the late Middle Ages. But the chronological range of the surviving material also sets a familiar problem of urban history. How can such studies interpret buildings and settings which existed and functioned over many centuries, maintaining a presence in the city as its history passed from one historical ‘period’ to another? Can their permanence be recognised as a ‘continuity’; or should one look for clues of change and discontinuity? Is indeed the dichotomy of continuity and discontinuity an inevitable part of the vocabulary of urban history? The words have certainly dominated discussion of ‘capital’ cities like Rome and Constantinople in which much stress has been laid on identifying ‘continuities’, the strength of ‘tradition’, and significant ‘renewals’ of the past.

Medieval London

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Public Works ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Popular Entertainment ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Craft Guilds ◽  
The City

There is no beginning or end date for medieval London. Long-term changes transformed the post-Roman city into a 16th-century metropolis. Crown and church worked with city institutions to manage the outcome, but economic, social, geographic, and demographic factors beyond their control were the determinants of London’s evolution. Medieval London owed much to a well-chosen Roman site with double-facing connectivity, providing access to mainland Europe by sea and to the interior by river. London was the lynchpin. The Roman settlement had a defensive fort and walls, an amphitheater—recently rediscovered underneath the medieval Guildhall–and an impressive road network converging on the city. This defensible hub, combining economic prosperity with popular entertainment, was the basis for London’s perennial appeal to English and alien migrants. It quite literally provided the foundation for medieval London. The early extramural Anglo-Saxon settlement relocated behind the walls as an Alfredian burh, expanding trade with nearby parts of the Continent. The Norman construction of the Tower, overshadowing the eastern aspect, demonstrated that control of London was essential to government of the realm. An economic driving force, the city was not the administrative capital until the 12th century. London generated trade revenues and ensured urban stability, in return for which the Crown granted self-government and privileges for its merchants and markets. The city’s own records survive from the later 13th century, although its institutions have earlier origins. Regarding itself as the New Troy, it engaged in public works and staged triumphant royal entries. London’s bread-basket extended to the Norfolk coast and the upper Thames valley. Apart from frank discussions at the wardmote, there were further opportunities for ordinary Londoners to express their views and participate. The craft guilds regulated the city’s trades and their members, developing separate livery and yeomanry organization. Parish fraternities were a neighborhood outlet for literate lay spirituality and accounting skills. The population, significantly reduced by the Black Death, recovered and prospered. London was above all a cosmopolitan city with thriving markets and accessible credit. Although there were recurrent demands for protection against alien competition, aliens joined the livery companies, became citizens of London and some became Englishmen. The royal Court, Parliament, and law courts a short ride away at Westminster guaranteed good business for city merchants. Most importantly, the lucrative 14th-century wool trade and 15th-century cloth trade were increasingly concentrated in the hands of Londoners who dominated English exports.

scholarly journals In Searching Architecture and City Pattern as the Mark of Old Coastal Semarang, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
R Siti Rukayah ◽  
Muhammad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Capital City ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
City Center ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The City

Based on the previous research on the former of Semarang capital city, Kanjengan, there is a supposition that the area is a coastal city. As the consequence of the sedimentation process occurred by Java Island, Semarang city, and some cities in Java are no longer on the seashore. The cities that are archived in the Map of Indonesia in the 15th century and some records from foreign sailors, absolutely have several different conditions compared to the past and the present condition.  How the architecture and the city’s patterns of the Old Semarang? The method of this research was conducted by exploring historical articles, toponyms, maps, and old pictures which were then compared with the remaining architecture and spatial patterns. The reading of old maps and pictures was done by using the seeing by believing approach. The analysis was performed by using the manual sketch. The architectural heritage like the former lighthouse, commercial corridors in the north of the square, and toponyms were tools to prove that the area was a seaport and a waterfront city. Old Coastal Semarang has an Architecture and urban design concept as the main gate from the sea to the city center at the time. Surrounding the main gate, they were the existence of the former lighthouse (the Menara Layur Mosque), multi-ethnics houses, toponyms indicating that some places were a former harbor, and the remaining trade corridor connecting the port and the local government center. This concept is similar to the Islamic Sultanates on the north coast of Java and the waterfront-based cities in the interior of Java. It is assumed that Semarang Old city has a similar role with the other Islamic Sultanates. This area is proper to be a city conservation area and become a part that is integrated into future urban planning.

Portuguese Sardines - from the ritual to the brand

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Cecília Avelino Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Place Branding ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
City Council ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
City Branding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
The City ◽  
City Identity

Place branding is a network of associations in the consumer’s mind, based on the visual, verbal, and behavioral expression of a place. Food can be an important tool to summarize it as it is part of the culture of a city and its symbolic capital. Food is imaginary, a ritual and a social construction. This paper aims to explore a ritual that has turned into one of the brands of Lisbon in the past few years. The fresh sardines barbecued out of doors, during Saint Anthony’s festival, has become a symbol that can be found on t-shirts, magnets and all kinds of souvenirs. Over the year, tourists can buy sardine shaped objects in very cheap stores to luxurious shops. There is even a whole boutique dedicated to the fish: “The Fantastic World of Portuguese Sardines” and an annual competition promoted by the city council to choose the five most emblematic designs of sardines. In order to analyze the Sardine phenomenon from a city branding point of view, the objective of this paper is to comprehend what associations are made by foreigners when they are outside of Lisbon. As a methodological procedure five design sardines, were used of last year to questioning to which city they relate them in interviews carried in Madrid, Lyon, Rome and London. Upon completion of the analysis, the results of the city branding strategy adopted by the city council to promote the sardines as the official symbol of Lisbon is seen as a Folkmarketing action. The effects are positive, but still quite local. On the other hand, significant participation of the Lisbon´s dwellers in the Sardine Contest was observed, which seems to be a good way to promote the city identity and pride in their best ambassador: the citizens.

Исследование психологических особенностей восприятия города Бишкек городскими и сельскими студентами

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-100
Author(s):  
Д. М. Кудайбердиева
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Space Perception ◽  
Language Barrier ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
The City

Аннотация. В данной статье рассматривается проблема восприятия городской среды студентами из города и сельской местности. Обозначены определения терминов «среда», «пространственная среда», «городская среда». Проведено экспериментальное сравнительное исследование особенностей восприятия города Бишкек городскими и сельскими студентами в количестве 50 человек. Статья содержит результаты проведенного анализа исследования. Выявлены различия и сходства в восприятии города Бишкек у студентов двух групп. В контексте восприятия города изучена неудовлетворенность прошлым и настоящим временем, трудности языкового барьера у студентов из сельской местности. Также было выявлено, что актуальной для студентов обеих групп является потребность в социальных контактах, общении, включенности в социум. Полученные результаты будут иметь пользу в проведении воспитательной работы со студентами из сельской местности, в оказании поддержки им в период адаптации с учетом особенностей восприятия города студентами. Ключевые слова. среда, городская среда, восприятие пространства, городские студенты, сельские студенты, восприятие города Бишкек, неудовлетворенность прошлым и настоящим, языковой барьер, учеба в городе, сходства и различия в восприятии города. Аннотация. Бул макалада шаардык жана айылдан келген студенттердин шаардык чөйрөнү кабыл алуу көйгөйү каралган. «Чөйрө», «мейкиндик чөйрө», «шаардык чөйрө» терминдеринин түшүнүктөрү келтирилген. 50 адамдан турган шаардык жана айылдык студенттердин Бишкек шаарын кабыл алуу өзгөчөлүктөрүнө эксперименталдык салыштырма изилдөө жүргүзүлгөн. Макалада изилдөөнүн анализ жыйынтыктары камтылган. Эки студенттик топторунун Бишкек шаарын кабыл алуусунун айырмачылыктары жана окшоштуктары белгиленген. Шаарды кабыл алуу контекстинде өткөн жана учур чактарга канагаттанбоо, тил барьеринин кыйынчылыктары изилденди. Ошондой эле студенттердин эки тобуна актуалдуу болуп социалдык катнаштарга, баарлашууга, коомго кошулуу муктаждыгы белгиленүүдө. Алынган жыйынтыктар студенттердин шаарды кабыл алуу өзгөчөлүктөрүнө эске алып, айылдан келген студенттерге адаптация убагында колдоо көрсөтүү максатында тарбиялык иштерди жүргүзүүдө жардам берет. Түйүндүү сөздөр. Чөйрө, шаардык чөйрө, мейкиндикти кабыл алуу, шаардык студенттер, айылдык студенттер, Бишкек шаарын кабыл алуу, өткөн жана учур чакка канагаттанбоо, тил барьери, шаарда окуу, шаарды кабыл алуусунун айырмачылыктары жана окшоштуктары. Annotation. This article addresses the problem of perception of the urban environment by students from the city and countryside. The definitions of the terms “environment”, “spatial environment”, and “urban environment” are indicated. An experimental comparative study of the characteristics of the perception of the city of Bishkek by urban and rural students in the amount of 50 people was conducted. The article contains the results of the analysis of the study. The differences and similarities in the perception of the city of Bishkek among students of the two groups are revealed. In the context of the perception of the city, dissatisfaction with the past and the present has been studied, and the difficulties of the language barrier among students from rural areas. It was also revealed that the need for social contacts, communication, inclusion in society is relevant for students of both groups. The results will have the benefit of conducting educational work with students from rural areas, in providing support to them during the adaptation period, taking into account the peculiarities of the perception of the city by students. Кeywords. Environment, urban environment, space perception, urban students, rural students, perception of the city of Bishkek, dissatisfaction with the past and the present, language barrier, studying in the city, similarities and differences in the perception of the city.

Problems of Analysis of Design and Research Methods of Interaction with the Urban Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
П. В. Капустин ◽  
А. И. Гаврилов
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Environmental Movement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Historical Dynamics ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City ◽  
Research And Design

Состояние проблемы. Проблематика городской среды заявила о себе в 1960-е годы как протест против модернистских методов урбанизма и других видов проектирования. Средовое движение не случайно тогда именовали «антипрофессиональным» - оно было направлено против устоявшихся и недейственных методов работы с городом - от исследования до управления. За прошедшие десятилетия в рамках самого средового движения и его идейных наследников наработано немало методов и приемов работы, однако они до сих не подвергались анализу как пребывающая в исторической динамике целостная совокупность инструментария, альтернативного традиционному градостроительству. Результаты. Рассмотрены особенности и проблемы анализа методологического «арсенала» средового движения и урбанистики. Методы работы с городской средой впервые структурированы по типам знания. Показана близость методов исследовательского и проектного подходов в отношении городской среды. Выводы. В ближайшее время можно ожидать появления новых синтетических знаний и частных методологий, связанных как с обострением средовой проблематики, с расширением круга средовых акторов, так и с процессом профессионализации урбанистики. Statement of the problem. The urban environment paradigm emerged in the 1960s as a protest against the modernist methods of urbanism and other types of design. It was no coincidence that the environmental movement was back then called "anti-professional" as it was directed against the established and ineffective methods of working with the city, i. e., from research to management. Over the past decades, within the framework of the environmental movement and its ideological heirs, a lot of methods and have been developed. However, they have not yet been analyzed as an integral set of tools in the historical dynamics which is an alternative to traditional urban planning. Results. The features and problems of the analysis of the methodological “arsenal” of environmental movement and urban studies are considered. The methods of working with the urban environment are first structured according to the types of knowledge. The proximity of research and design approaches in the case when the urban environment is dealt with is shown. Conclusions. In the nearest future, we can expect new synthetic knowledge and particular methodologies related to both the exacerbation of environmental problems to emerge as well as the expansion of the circle of environmental actors and the process of professionalization of urbanstics.

THE SUBURBANISATION OF THE KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN REGION

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
The Past ◽  
Klang Valley ◽  
The City

The Klang Valley has been experiencing rapid urbanisation especially during the past two decades. The area has expanded to become a larger entity known as the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Region (KLMR). But this development comes at the expense of Kuala Lumpur. The city had consistently recorded net-out migration during the period. This development has consequences on the urban fabric of the city and can lead to the problem

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