Disclosure versus Recognition of Stock Option Compensation: Effect on the Credit Decisions of Loan Officers

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Viger ◽  
Réjean Belzile ◽  
Asokan A. Anandarajan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Loan Officers ◽  
Reported Earnings ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

We examine if different stock option reporting formats affect bank loan officers' judgments and decisions. Three formats were used: (1) descriptive note of stock options plan only, (2) descriptive note that included a pro forma disclosure showing the impact of expensing the cost of stock options on net income, and (3) recognition of the stock options cost in the income statement. Our results show that loan officers estimated a higher risk rating and a more pessimistic trend rating, were less inclined to grant the loan, and charged a higher risk premium when the stock option expense was recognized in the income statement. Judgments and decisions did not significantly differ for the two methods of footnote disclosure, suggesting that loan officers are functionally fixated on reported earnings. Overall, our results support the FASB's claim that “disclosure is not an adequate substitute for recording.”

Congressional Intervention in the Standard-Setting Process: An Analysis of the Stock Option Accounting Reform Act of 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Farber ◽  
Marilyn F. Johnson ◽  
Kathy R. Petroni
Keyword(s):  
Stock Options ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Employee Stock Option ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

We examine H.R. 3574, the Stock Option Accounting Reform Act of 2004 (the Act), which sought to prevent the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) from requiring the expensing of employee stock options at fair value. We find that employee stock option expense under the Act would be approximately 2 percent of what it would be under the FASB's preferred method. We also find that House members supporting the Act were more likely to be Republican, to be conservative, and to have received larger Political Action Committee (PAC) contributions. Finally, the larger the impact of H.R. 3574 on the amount of stock option expense reported by the firm for employees who are not top-five executives, the more contributions the firm's PAC made to House members and to members of the committee that approved the Act. This result suggests that corporate opposition to the mandatory expensing of stock options at fair value is not driven solely by concerns of top-five executives about the cost of recognizing their own options.

scholarly journals The impact of expensing stock options in blockholder-dominated firms. Evidence from Italy

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Melis ◽  
Silvia Carta
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
True Cost ◽  
Accounting Regulation ◽  
Mandatory Adoption ◽  
Ifrs 2 ◽  
Reported Earnings ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Accounting for stock options and executive remuneration have been one of the most debated and controversial issues in accounting regulation and corporate governance. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of the mandatory adoption of IFRS 2 for accounting of stock options in Italian non financial listed companies. This paper has investigated the economic consequences of recording the cost of stock options at its fair value, in terms of its impact on the companies‟ reported earnings, and other key financial performance indicators, such as diluted earnings per share (EPS) and return on assets. The impact of the mandatory recording of the cost of stock options measured at its fair value has generally reduced the reported earnings and other key performance measures moderately. Despite some evidence of creative accounting which was found concerning the elusion of the substance over form principle for the accounting of stock options plans set up before 7th November 2002, accounting regulation has increased the level of disclosure by making companies report the “true” cost of stock options in their Profit or Loss. Based on 2004 stock-based remuneration disclosures of the value of options given to directors and employees, the expensing of options have a material negative impact on nearly 30 per cent of the sample firms‟ reported income and diluted EPS. The mandatory adoption of IFRS 2 seems to have relevant implications for corporate governance as it has reduced the information asymmetry between corporate insiders and outsiders on the “true” cost of stock-based remuneration

scholarly journals The Impact of Supply Chain Management on Financial Performance and Responsibility Accounting Agribusiness Case from Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Wahdan ◽  
Mohamed Ashraf Emam
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Responsibility Accounting

This paper presents the impact of applying the supply chain management (SCM) on the agribusiness field to optimize productivity and decreasing cost which will have a direct impact on the net income of the organization. The main two research questions are: is there a significant impact of supply chain management on financial performance? and is there a significant relationship between supply chain management and financial performance as well as responsibility accounting? To answer the research questions, data was collected from financial statements of agribusiness case from Egypt and the survey was conducted. The findings of the study indicated that there is a significant impact of supply chain management on financial performance through enhancing the productivity, decreasing the cost and improving profitability. Moreover, applying the efficient supply chain management can improve the use of responsibility accounting through the efficient usage for the budget of the crop.

scholarly journals DAMPAK STRUKTUR MODAL PADA SENSITIVITAS PENERAPAN KOMPENSASI OPSI SAHAM KARYAWAN TERHADAP KINERJA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nur Fadjrih Asyik
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Employee Stock Option ◽  
Sensitivity Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Option Compensation ◽  
Stock Option Compensation

This study aims to test whether the management that receive compensation in the form of stock options having an positive impact on company performance. This study considers the external performance measurement by identifying Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR). In addition, this study aims to test whether the company's capital structure affects the sensitivity level of employee stock option compensation and firm performance. Capital structure is measured with debt to equity ratio. The result indicates that the proportion of Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) influence company performance in accordance with the predictions. This shows that the more stock options offered to employees then came a sense of belonging which resulted in more motivated managers to improve company performance. Furthermore, the higher the market performance of companies that can be achieved, the higher the profit (gain) will be obtained by the recipient of stock options. In addition, this study also shows that the impact of stock option grants at the company's performance declined with the greater capital structure of liability. This shows that the capital structure of liabilities will lower the sensitivity level of employee stock option compensation and firm performance. The higher the company's liabilities would reduce the rights of the owner of the dividends each period in accordance with the ownership of shares held since the company must take into account the interest costs to be paid to the creditor.

scholarly journals The Impact of Currency Risk on Firm’s Value in Emerging Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
Ilia Kuchin ◽  
Mariia Elkina ◽  
Yury Dranev
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Currency Risk ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study is dedicated to estimating the impact of currency risk on the cost of equity in Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa. Our contribution to the literature is that we obtain further evidence on pricing of exchange rate risk in developing countries which for now is quite scarce. These motivates our research which is dedicated to BRICS capital markets with Chinese stock market excluded since it is heavily regulated. The aim of the research is to determine whether in emerging countries stock markets currency risk is a significant factor that influence cost of equity capital of a company. Changes in the value of exchange rate can impact cash flows of a firm and their riskiness, hence, the value of the company. In our research we will discuss the influence of exchange rate movements on the value of the firm through their impact on the cost of equity. Specifically, we investigate whether companies that report substantial currency gains or losses have to pay a higher required return on equity. Furthermore, in this study we take an attempt to estimate currency risk premia for exposure to appreciation and depreciation of currency separately and identify possible differences. For each country three models that extend Fama-French Three Factor Model by incorporating currency risk are estimated. We used equal-weighted portfolio approach to construction currency risk factors. They are estimated using information about the ratio of currency gains to sales or the magnitude of covariation between equity returns and exchange rate changes. In the second case appreciation and depreciation of domestic currency against US dollar is considered separately. Results indicate that in Russia firms which report substantial currency losses pay a positive risk premium, while in Brazil, India and South Africa companies with significantly positive or negative currency gains pay a lower required return on equity than firms with almost zero currency gains. Finally, we are trying to explain estimation results using sectoral breakdown of product exports in each country of data sample.

scholarly journals Perlakuan Akuntansi Persediaan Barang Dagangan Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Beban Pokok Penjualan

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-171
Author(s):  
Aloisius Hama
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Input Material ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

Objectives to be achieved in this study is to know the accounting treatment of Merchandise Inventory which affects the Cost of Goods Sold on PT. Setia Makmur, Surabaya and can be used as input material of the company, to be able to use more accurate inventory method in determining Cost of Goods Sold in relation to Financial Statement. The accounting treatment for inventory is important for many companies, especially trading and manufacturing companies, as it has a significant effect on the presentation in the Balance Sheet and Income Statement. PT. Setia Makmur, Surabaya uses the Physical Method to record its inventory and LIFO Method (MTKP) to conduct an assessment of its Merchandise Inventory. The use of the Physical Method for the recording of Merchandise Inventory has a disadvantage from the point of internal control. The use of the LIFO Method (MTKP) in the Merchandise Inventory assessment is not in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards which only allow the Special Identification Method, the FIFO Method (MPKP) and the Average Method. The mistake in choosing the right inventory valuation method will result in the presentation of Inventory, Cost of Goods Sold and Net Income which is overstated or understated.

scholarly journals How leverage can improve performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kmeťko ◽  
Eduard Hyránek
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
Risk Free Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Managed Portfolios ◽  
The Impact

One of the best-known Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAP/M) provides us with a methodology for measuring the relationship between the risk premium and the impact of leverage on expected returns. However, this model is not used only to value the cost of capital but also to evaluate the performance of managed portfolios. We will test how the expected return changes in percent by changing the debt-equity ratio and the tax rate based on following assumptions: market return 7%, risk-free rate of return 1% and beta 1.2. These assumptions will be constant and we will change the debt-equity ratio and tax rate. Based on these results, it is clear that the change in profitability varies, in relation to the change of the DE ratio by one tenth. As for changes I n tax rates, changes in expected profitability are not entirely in direct proportion to these changes.

scholarly journals The Impact of Human Capital Development Cost on the Net Income and Dividend: An Applied Study over Jordanian Islamic Banks

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Atef Aqeel Al-Bawab ◽  
Hani Ali Aref Al-Rawashdeh
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The study aimed at identifying the effect of the cost of Human capital development through training employees on the net income and dividend at Jordanian Islamic banks; three banks. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach. The financial data of published financial statements of the study population over the period (2012-2015) were brought and analyzed by mathematical modules to test the study hypotheses. The study concluded several results, the most important are:  There is an effect for the cost of training employees over the pre-tax annual profit development at Jordanian Islamic banks with variant proportions. There is also an effect with variant proportions for the cost of training employees over dividend. The study recommended several recommendations; the most important was the need of Jordanian Islamic banks to disclose in their financial statements in details the cost of their human capital development.

Pengaruh Kualitas Corporate Governance Terhadap Cost Of Equity Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiki Kartika
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to determine the impact of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on the cost of equity for manufacturing companies in Indonesia. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling, namely companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analysis was carried out in the Manufacturing industry sector in 2013 - 2015. The GCG index was measured using five dimensions adopted from Black et al. (2003) and Cost of Equity is measured by the ex ante cost of equity capital using the Price Earning Growth (PEG) proxy. The reason for using ex ante cost of equity capital is ex-ante is more describing the role of investors in seeing the risk of a company. The results of this study indicate that GCG negatively affects on the cost of equity. GCG limits managerial opportunism and reduces agency conflicts between owners and agents. Therefore, shareholders are willing to accept a lower risk premium, effectively reducing equity costs.

The Impact of Tax Incentives on the Choice to Hold Shares Acquired from Employee Stock Option Exercises

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ryan Huston ◽  
Thomas J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Stock Options ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Employee Stock Option ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT This paper extends prior stock option literature by examining the impact of individual and corporate tax incentives on the decision to hold or sell shares acquired through the exercises of incentive stock options (ISOs) and non-qualified stock options (NQSOs). We focus on factors found in prior literature to be associated with the choice to hold or sell in the context of the type of stock option exercised. Specifically, we find that the positive (negative) relation found in prior literature between the decision to hold shares following exercise and future returns (depth) is associated more with NQSOs than ISOs, consistent with individual tax incentives. Examining corporate tax incentives, we find that corporate tax benefits mitigate insiders' likelihood to hold shares obtained from ISO exercise. Furthermore, we find evidence that firms compensate employees to forgo individual tax benefits associated with holding shares from ISO exercise, and as this compensation increases, insiders are more likely to sell following exercise. JEL Classifications: H24; H25; J33.

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