Modes of Ventilation
Lung ventilation is required to maintain oxygenation and eliminate carbon dioxide. The basic parameters of ventilation—tidal volume, respiratory rate, airway resistance, and lung and thoracic compliance—all combine to affect the airway pressure. These parameters, in turn, can affect cardiac output and hemodynamic stability through their effect on intrathoracic pressure and on venous return to the heart. Since the 1950s, many machines have been designed to allow the physician to optimize ventilation. These designs have revolved around three physical variables: volume, pressure, and time. Volume is required to overcome the anatomic respiratory dead space and allows gas exchange in the alveoli. Pressure is required to inflate the elastic system comprising the lungs and thorax, but must also be limited to prevent tissue damage. Time not only determines the respiratory rate but also the rate of flow of gas in and out of the lungs. Many permutations of these basic parameters in anesthesia machines are available today. Knowledge of the common forms of ventilation and their advantages and disadvantages will guide the anesthesiologist in choosing from among these various complex systems. This review contains 5 figures, 3 tables, and 27 references. Key words: CPAP, HFOV, IMV, IPPV, jet ventilation, PEEP, pressure cycled, pulmonary ventilation, SIMV, spontaneous, volume cycled