Differences in Regional Brain Responses to Food Ingestion After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and the Role of Gut Peptides: A Neuroimaging Study

Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective and durable therapy for obesity. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, the most commonly performed procedure worldwide, causes substantial weight loss and improvement in several comorbidities associated with obesity, especially type 2 diabetes. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the improvement in glucose metabolism after RYGB surgery: the caloric restriction and weight loss per se, the improvement in insulin resistance and beta cell function, and finally the alterations in the various gastrointestinal hormones and adipokines that have been shown to play an important role in glucose homeostasis. However, the timing, exact changes of these hormones, and the relative importance of these changes in the metabolic improvement postbariatric surgery remain to be further clarified. This paper reviews the various changes post-RYGB in adipokines and gut peptides in subjects with T2D.

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Investigation of the cerebral responses to hunger, satiety and food ingestion in people with obesity related insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. A neuroimaging study using an obesity surgery (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) model

http://isrctn.org/> ◽

10.1186/isrctn02683156 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Katharine Hunt

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Obesity Surgery ◽

Food Ingestion ◽

Neuroimaging Study

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The Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in the Development of Obesity via Gut-brain Axis

Current Protein and Peptide Science ◽

10.2174/1389203720666190125105401 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 750-758 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yi Wu ◽

Hengxun He ◽

Zhibin Cheng ◽

Yueyu Bai ◽

Xi Ma

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neuropeptide Y ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Vital Role ◽

Gut Peptides ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Central Nervous System

Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.

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EEG Correlates of Old/New Discrimination Performance Involving Abstract Figures and Non-Words

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11060719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 719

Author(s):

Monika Toth ◽

Anke Sambeth ◽

Arjan Blokland

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Discrimination Performance ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Memory Strength ◽

Verbal Stimuli ◽

Brain Responses ◽

Three Phase ◽

New Item

The processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar stimuli such as abstract figures and non-words is poorly understood. Here, we considered the role of memory strength in the discrimination process of such stimuli using a three-phase old/new recognition memory paradigm. Memory strength was manipulated as a function of the levels of processing (deep vs. shallow) and repetition. Behavioral results were matched to brain responses using EEG. We found that correct identification of the new abstract figures and non-words was superior to old item recognition when they were merely studied without repetition, but not when they were semantically processed or drawn. EEG results indicated that successful new item identification was marked by a combination of the absence of familiarity (N400) and recollection (P600) for the studied figures. For both the abstract figures and the non-words, the parietal P600 was found to differentiate between the old and new items (late old/new effects). The present study extends current knowledge on the processing of pre-experimentally unfamiliar figurative and verbal stimuli by showing that their discrimination depends on experimentally induced memory strength and that the underlying brain processes differ. Nevertheless, the P600, similar to pre-experimentally familiar figures and words, likely reflects improved recognition memory of meaningless pictorial and verbal items.

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The Right Hemisphere Is Responsible for the Greatest Differences in Human Brain Response to High-Arousing Emotional versus Neutral Stimuli: A MEG Study

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11080960 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 960

Author(s):

Mina Kheirkhah ◽

Philipp Baumbach ◽

Lutz Leistritz ◽

Otto W. Witte ◽

Martin Walter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Right Hemisphere ◽

Emotional Stimuli ◽

Brain Response ◽

Whole Brain ◽

Brain Responses ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

The Right ◽

Healthy Participants

Studies investigating human brain response to emotional stimuli—particularly high-arousing versus neutral stimuli—have obtained inconsistent results. The present study was the first to combine magnetoencephalography (MEG) with the bootstrapping method to examine the whole brain and identify the cortical regions involved in this differential response. Seventeen healthy participants (11 females, aged 19 to 33 years; mean age, 26.9 years) were presented with high-arousing emotional (pleasant and unpleasant) and neutral pictures, and their brain responses were measured using MEG. When random resampling bootstrapping was performed for each participant, the greatest differences between high-arousing emotional and neutral stimuli during M300 (270–320 ms) were found to occur in the right temporo-parietal region. This finding was observed in response to both pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. The results, which may be more robust than previous studies because of bootstrapping and examination of the whole brain, reinforce the essential role of the right hemisphere in emotion processing.

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