scholarly journals LOCAL REFLECTION OF GLOBAL STREAMS: SYRIA AND LEBANON ON THE IDEOLOGICAL FRONTIER (THE BEGINNING OF THE 60TH OF THE 20TH CENTURY)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
A. V. SARABIEV
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
Powerful Factor ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The 1960S

Social and political processes in Syria and Lebanon analyzes on the  material of archival documents through the prism of global and  regional ideological confrontation. On the background of the world  bipolar system in the first half of the 1960s the most powerful  ideological currents, combining Arab nationalism and socialist ideas,  were most clearly manifested in the Middle East. On a broader scale,  these ideological currents have found their short-term  expression within the framework of the Non-Aligned Movement. By the end of the 1960s, the ideas of Arab socialism had ceased to be perceived as competitive in a system of bipolar global  confrontation. Nevertheless, the important historical processes of the  early 1960s cannot be analyzed without taking into account that  powerful factor in the Middle East development.

Nasser's Gamble

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Egyptian Revolution ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Arab Spring

This book draws on declassified documents from six countries and original material in Arabic, German, Hebrew, and Russian to present a new understanding of Egypt's disastrous five-year intervention in Yemen, which Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser later referred to as “my Vietnam.” The book argues that Nasser's attempt to export the Egyptian revolution to Yemen played a decisive role in destabilizing Egypt's relations with the Cold War powers, tarnishing its image in the Arab world, ruining its economy, and driving its rulers to instigate the fatal series of missteps that led to war with Israel in 1967. Viewing the Six Day War as an unintended consequence of the Saudi–Egyptian struggle over Yemen, the book demonstrates that the most important Cold War conflict in the Middle East was not the clash between Israel and its neighbors. It was the inter-Arab struggle between monarchies and republics over power and legitimacy. Egypt's defeat in the “Arab Cold War” set the stage for the rise of Saudi Arabia and political Islam. Bold and provocative, this book brings to life a critical phase in the modern history of the Middle East. Its compelling analysis of Egypt's fall from power in the 1960s offers new insights into the decline of Arab nationalism, exposing the deep historical roots of the Arab Spring of 2011.

scholarly journals Introduction—Issues and Debates on Religion and International Relations in the Middle East

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Sotiris Roussos
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
The World

By the end of the 20th century, after great political upheavals, two world wars, the decolonization process and political, social and scientific revolutions, it is hard to miss that the world is in a deep de-secularization process. In the Middle East, this process has taken multiple trajectories and has made geopolitics of religion central in reshaping regional issues and in restructuring modes of international politics and international system’s intervention in the Middle East.

Prologue

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-52
Author(s):  
Giuliano Garavini
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The World ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The 1960S

The Prologue describes the rise of Anglo-American “petrocapital” after WWII and the formation of the “concessions system” in the Middle East in the 1920s and 1930s. The chapter concentrates on the formation of the first “petrostate”, Venezuela, that by the end of the 1920s had become totally dependent on oil rent, as well as being the largest petroleum exporter in the world up to the end of the 1960s. The chapter also describes the first nationalist reactions in Latin America as well as in the Middle East to the dominant role of the oligopoly of international oil companies.

Small Is Beautiful

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus Schayegh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Social History ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Economic

In scholarship on the Middle East, as on other regions of the world, the sort of social history that climaxed from the 1960s through the 1980s, and in Middle East history through the 1990s—that is, studies of categories such as “class” or “peasant”—has been declining for some time. The cultural history that replaced social history has peaked, too. In the 21st century, the trend, set by non-Middle East historians, has been to combine an updated social-historical focus on structure and groups with a cultural–historical focus on meaning making. Defining societyagainstculture and policing their boundaries is out. In is picking a theme—consumption or travel, say—then studying it from distinct yet linked social and cultural or political/economic angles. This trend has spawned new journals likeCultural and Social History, established in 2004, and has been debated in established journals and memoirs by leading historians of the United States and Europe.

An Earwitness to History: Street Hawkers and Their Calls in Early 20th-Century Egypt

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziad Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Embodied History

Historians have recently started listening to the past, contributing to what David Howes has described as a “sensorial revolution in the humanities and social sciences.” In the same way that all five senses are relevant to our daily understanding of the world around us, they should be vital to our understanding of historical events. Interpreting how peoples of the past sensorially experienced their world makes possible a richer, more comprehensive grasp of historical events. A sensorially grounded historical narrative is an embodied history that is connected to everyday people and lives. Historians of the Middle East, however, with few exceptions, are still largely producing soundproof, devocalized narratives of the past.

John Paynter, 1931–2010: an appreciation

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-223
Author(s):  
Piers Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Music Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Music Department ◽  
British Music ◽  
The World ◽  
Trained Teachers ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University

John Paynter's death this year has deprived British music education of its most inspirational advocate during the second half of the 20th century. John's teaching in primary and secondary schools during the 1950s played a major role in shaping his vision of music at the heart of the curriculum. With his ear for an apt phrase, John loved to quote American novelist Toni Morrison's description of the wonderful presence and power of music as ‘a way of being in the world’. During the 1960s, John trained teachers in colleges in Liverpool and Chichester, before joining the innovative music department at the University of York, where he remained until his retirement in 1997. It was with the publication in 1970 of Sound and Silence that his years of pioneering work with children and older students came to fruition and the force and originality of his ideas about music education made their first big impact.

scholarly journals Integration and the Diplomatic Crisis: Current Realities of the GCC

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
L. V. Shkvarya
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Market ◽  
Regional Economic Integration ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
The World

The article analyzes the integration process in the Gulf Cooperation Council group countries (GCC), which was founded in 1981. Regional economic integration in the GCC has passed through the several traditional stages: the Free trade zone, the Customs Union and the Common market. Certain exceptions remain in the GCC integration, but the countries aim to create a full economic Union by 2025. Currently, the GCC is one of the most advanced and successful integration associations in developing countries. However, the GCC is the only truly functioning integration bloc in the MENA region. The author's analysis confirms that the share of intraregional trade is growing in the GCC, but this share is less high than in other integration blocs. The author emphasizes that the GCC countries have significant success in the world market of goods and capital. The GCC trade turnover is growing steadily, although it depends on fluctuations in world oil prices. The GCC region attracts a lot of foreign investment and technology. This allows them to continue to diversify their national economies. The level and quality of life in the GCC is improving. These and other achievements are largely the result of regional economic integration and cooperation between countries in various areas on the world and regional markets. At the same time, the GCC is one of the most strategically important regions in the world economy and politics. Economic and political processes are influenced by many factors, both internal and external. Therefore, there are many contradictions in the GCC, and sometimes crisis situations are formed. One of them is the current "diplomatic crisis". It began in 2017 and has so far created numerous problems in the region and in the Arab world as a whole. It also has a negative impact on the development and deepening of integration processes. The author analyzed statistical data for 2009-2018 and justified the conclusion that the "diplomatic crisis" damages intraregional trade, reduces the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators, and worsens the position of the GCC countries in the world market of goods and capital. It also creates difficulties for citizens of GCC countries and companies that operate in the region. Now GCC countries should develop a mechanism to de-escalate the crisis, as this is in the economic and political interests of all participants and the Middle East as a whole. The relevance of the research is due to the need to analyze regional economic integration processes in the subregion in the context of growing global instability. The research makes a significant contribution to understanding the nature and features of integration processes in the Middle East.

scholarly journals Predial Cults Under “Developed Socialism” and Islamic Tradition: on One Farming Ceremony of the Tabasaran

Islamovedenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Seferbekov Ruslan Ibragimovich ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Evil Eye ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Traditional Islam ◽  
Collective Farms

The article provides a description of an age-old predial profane rite of Tabasaran people that was practised down to the 1960s. The rite was performed in an extraordinary situation, since it violated both communist ideology and Muslim tradition. Villagers began the ritual by perform-ing the rite of zikr, and ended it by distributing the sadaka of mercy. The aim of the rite was tak-ing off the so-called “evil eye” from a farm field that did not bear fruit for three years. The rite began by the discovery of the field to be cleared from the evil eye. To this end, a dog was brought to the field and killed. Then, its dismembered body was scattered around. In some cas-es, instead of a dog, a boar or a cat were immolated. The ritual was acccompanied by a variety of magical actions. Overlooking the translucent pagan nature of this rite, local authorities and Muslim believers did not prevent it, but were active participants thereof. In the second half of the 20th century, with the transformation of most collective farms into state farms, this agricul-tural rite terminated. However, the existence of this ritual up to the era of “developed socialism” in an Islamic region testifies to its stability and importance in the predial ritualism of the Tabasa-ran, the syncretic nature of their views, forming a bizarre mixture of ancient pagan rites and Muslim traditions under the tight control of the official Marxist-Leninist doctrine. Similar syn-cretic views, common among the Tabasaran and other peoples of Dagestan, may be attributed to the category of “folk”, “everyday” or “traditional” Islam diverged from its “orthodox” Koranic version. Rites of cathartic magic with the same semantics existed not only in Tabasaran farming, but also in demonology and hunting rites. They had analogues with other peoples of Dagestan and the world.

scholarly journals “If Hope is Sin, Then We Are All Guilty”: Romanian Students’ Reactions to the Hungarian Revolution and Soviet Intervention, 1956–1958

2008 ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Johanna Granville
Keyword(s):  
Communist Regime ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radio Stations ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
Romanian Revolution ◽  
The 1960S

The events of 1956 (the Twentieth CPSU Congress, Khrushchev’s Secret Speech, and the Hungarian revolution) had a strong impact on the evolution of the Romanian communist regime, paving the way for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Romania in 1958, the stricter policy toward the Transylvanian Hungarians, and Romania’s greater independence from the USSR in the 1960s. Students complained about their living and studying conditions long before the outbreak of the Hungarian crisis. Ethnic Hungarians from Transylvania listened closely to Budapest radio stations, and Romanian students in Budapest in the summer of 1956 were especially affected by the ferment of ideas there. For the Gheorghiu-Dej regime, the Hungarian revolution and Soviet invasion provided a useful excuse to end the destalinization process and crack the whip conclusivel —carrying out mass arrests, but also granting short-term concessions to ethnic minorities and workers. Of all segments of the Romanian population, university students were the most discontented. Drawing on archival documents, published memoirs, and recent Romanian scholarship, this paper will analyze and compare the student unrest in Bucharest, Cluj, Iaşi, and Timişoara. Due to a combination of psychological, logistical, and historical factors, students in the latter city were especially vocal and organized. On October 30 over 2,000 students from the Polytechnic Institute in Timişoara met with party offi cials, demanding changes in living and study conditions, as well as the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Romania. Another 800-1,000 students convened on October 31, calling for the release of students who were arrested the day before. Obvious discrepancies between the Romanian and Hungarian media sparked their curiosity about events in Hungary, while their cramped dorm rooms actually facilitated student meetings. In the Banat region itself, a tradition of anti-communist protest had prevailed since 1945. Although arrested en masse, these students set a vital precedent—especially for the Timişoarans who launched the Romanian Revolution thirty-three years later.

scholarly journals Middle East: New Balkans of the World?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Dr.Sc. Georgescu Stefan ◽  
Dr.Sc. Munteanu Marilena
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

Middle East is a region whose geopolitical dynamics has many analogies with the role of the Balkans in the first half of the 19th century and up to the 3rd decade of the 20th century, namely a "Powder keg of Europe", defined in the same period as the "Eastern Issue".Moreover, Middle East is a region located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Africa, and along with ancient Egypt is the cradle of Western civilization, providing for it political, economic, religious, scientific, military, intellectual and institutional models.Four millennia of civilization before Christian era did not pass without leaving a trace.Trade, currency, law, diplomacy, technology applied to works in time of war or peace, the profit based economy and the bureaucratized economy, popular and absolutist government, nationalist and universal spirit, tolerance and fanaticism – all these are not inventions of the modern world, but have their origins and methods of implementation, often even sophisticated methods, in this region.

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