scholarly journals DEFENSE BUILDINGS OF BERNARDIN’S ORDER MONASTERIES OF WESTERN UKRAINE IN XVII-XVIII CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Khokhon M. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Active Defense ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Formation History ◽  
The Status ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Planning Factor ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
The City

Reliable fortifications were the key to the stable functioning of the castle, city or monastery on the territory of Western Ukraine in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Monastic complexes dominated actively in the space of settlements or landscape. Bernardin Order monasteries were one of the most numerous among the orders of the Western rite. Nowadays there often arises the question of determining the historical boundaries of objects and the original architectural and compositional integrity of monastic complexes during the development of urban planning documentation and restoration projects. Bernardin Order monasteries were actively studied by Ukrainian and Polish scientists, such as V. Vuytsyk, O. Boyko, I. Somochkin, A. Bethley, M. Kurzey, E. Kvetsinska. Research focuses mostly on the sacred elements of the complexes and describes the historical and architectural aspects of the monuments. The fortifications were partially inspected or not mentioned at all. The purpose of the article is to collect, systematize and reveal new facts of functioning and formation history of the defensive structures of Bernardine Order monasteries in Western Ukraine. Also the the purpose is to determine the location, dimensions, architectural and planning features of the fortifications of monasteries. In the studied period, we can identify about 50 defense complexes of various orders of the Western Rite, located in or outside the downtown. Bernardine Order monasteries are among the most common and are represented in in Berezhany, Husiatyn, Dubno, Zbarazh, Izyaslav, Lviv, Leshniv, Sokal and Khrystynopil. The Order of Bernardines is a branch of the Franciscan order, which was formed in the XII century. The Order of Bernardines appeared in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Western Ukraine in the middle of the 15th century. As a result of the study of nine monasteries of the Bernardine Order, it was found that the architecture of the Order is clearly traced in the construction of its own fortifications. The article identifies the influence of the urban planning factor on the configuration and dimensions of the defense lines of objects. The Bernardines owned some of the most powerful defensive monasteries in Western Ukraine: in Sokal, Izyaslav and Lviv. The monasteries of this order were mostly located in downtown. Three of them, namely in Berezhany, Dubno, Leshniv, were located in the corners of downtown near the gates. The monasteries in Lviv, Husiatyn and Khrystynopil, which were blocked to the corner of the city defensive walls from the outside allocated to a separate type. Monastery in Zbarazh was located in the middle of the defense line near the gate and had its own defense walls. At this stage, the study revealed one defensive monastery church - in Leshnev. The monasteries in Dubno and Brzezany were defended by powerful city fortifications. The fortifications of the monasteries in Lviv and Sokal should be singled out. The monastery in Lviv, due to the status of the city and responsibility, was committed to active defense, which explains the presence of a three-tiered tower, strong walls with a loophole and a ravelin at the entrance. The monastery in Sokal was an outpost of the territory and a powerful center of pilgrimage that resulted into its economical wealth. It was found that the Bernardine complexes used mostly newer forms of protection - bastions and ramparts.

scholarly journals Image of the city and modern architecture in the Polish feature films of the 1960s’

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (31) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Adam Nadolny
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Film Image ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

This article focuses on the inter-dependencies between the film image and architecture. The author has attempted to define what sort of historical background preconditions the film image to gain the status of a source for research on the history of Polish urban planning and post-war architecture, with particular emphasis placed on the 1960s.

scholarly journals CREATING OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ENSEMBLE OF THE ZNAMENSKAYA STATION SQUARE IN ST PETERSBURG

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
N. Petuhova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Main Station ◽  
The City ◽  
New Moscow

The history of the creating of the Znamenskaya station square (now the Vosstaniya Square) in St. Petersburg is considered. The square appeared in front of the station of the first main railway in Russia, which connected two capitals - the old and the new - Moscow and St. Petersburg (from 1855 - Nikolaevskaya, from 1923 - October railway). The state status of the road also determined the status of the station square in front of its main station in St. Petersburg. The square was created as one of the main urban planning ensembles of the city, the formation of which was given attention at the highest level. Extensive archival sources have been studied, extracts and graphic materials from which are presented in this article. Based on the historical and urban planning analysis, the main factors that influenced the choice of the location of the station of the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway and its station square in St. Petersburg were identified. It is shown that Znamenskaya Square is one of the last urban planning ensembles of St. Petersburg, created centrally on the basis of classical principles according to a single project, including the entire front of the buildings that form it. It has been established that Znamenskaya Square is a unique urban planning phenomenon, since in the history of 19th century architecture, the fact of the creation of the station square, conceived as a single regular ensemble, is no longer known

Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History of Mumbai

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS E. HAYNES
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social History ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Class Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

AbstractThis review examines three major books on the history of Bombay. Historians of the city have tended to focus primarily on the period before 1930; this tendency has seriously limited our understanding of the dramatic transformations that have taken place in Bombay over the course of the twentieth century. Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. Collectively these works make a significant contribution to the appreciation of such matters as working-class politics, the changing character of workers’ neighbourhoods, land use, urban planning, and the ways the city has been imagined and experienced by its citizens. At the same time, these works all shift their analytic frameworks as they approach more contemporary periods and this restricts the authors' ability to assess fully the character of urban change. This paper calls upon historians to continue to apply the tools of social history, particularly its reliance on close microcosmic studies of particular places and groups over long periods of time, as they try to bridge the gap between the early twentieth century and the later twentieth century. At the same time, it suggests that historians need to consider Gyan Prakash's view of cities as ‘patched-up societies’ whose entirety cannot be understood through single, linear models of change.

al-Madīnah or la ville? An architectural & urban “clash of civilizations” – the example of the city of Algiers

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Kobis
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
French Colonialism ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Abstract The main aim of author was to present the specific features of the architecture and urbanisation of Algiers – the capital of Algeria. The history of the city was marked by two great periods: Muslim domination (especially from the 15th century) and French colonialism (in the years 1830 – 1962). Both of these have left behind numerous traces of architectural and urbanistic thought. The material effect of French domination is the architecture of modern Algiers, which took the form of a French ville, similar to Paris, Lyon or Marseille. On the other hand, the architecture of Algiers also includes the old Arab district – Casbah, that resembles the cities of the Middle East (Madīnah in Arabic), like Istanbul, Cairo or Damascus. Both architectural traditions give the city of Algiers a cosmopolitan and universal character. The threat to the peculiar coexistence of these traditions is the progressive migration from the countryside to the city, which results in the expansion of area of slums, called bidonvilles.

scholarly journals The KMOS Galaxy Clusters Project

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (S311) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Roger L. Davies ◽  
A. Beifiori ◽  
R. Bender ◽  
M. Cappellari ◽  
J. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Clusters ◽  
Galaxy Evolution ◽  
Star Formation History ◽  
Cluster Galaxies ◽  
V Band ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Formation History ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integral Field

AbstractKMOS is a cryogenic infrared spectrograph fed by twentyfour deployable integral field units that patrol a 7.2 arcminute diameter field of view at the Nasmyth focus of the ESO VLT. It is well suited to the study of galaxy clusters at 1 < z < 2 where the well understood features in the restframe V-band are shifted into the KMOS spectral bands. Coupled with HST imagining, KMOS offers a window on the critical epoch for galaxy evolution, 7-10 Gyrs ago, when the key properties of cluster galaxies were established. We aim to investigate the size, mass, morphology and star formation history of galaxies in the clusters. Here we describe the instrument, discuss the status of the observations and report some preliminary results.

Knowledge Transfer and Advanced Urban Planning in the Newly Established Ring of Boulevards in Riga: The Case of the First Municipal Gas Factory

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-650
Author(s):  
Inga Karlštrēma
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Planning Phase ◽  
Recreational Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

This article examines the history of Riga’s first gas factory as both a contributor to, and witness of, the Industrial Revolution in Riga. The factory became an important urban landmark in the rapidly growing city due to its sophisticated architecture as well as its central placement in the most picturesque recreational area of the city, namely, in the surroundings of the city canal greenery. This article aims to examine how the knowledge transfer is embodied in Riga’s first municipal gasworks, its transnationally developed planning phase, and its locally outstanding buildings, which gained significance by becoming a symbol of both technological and social progress in Riga.

scholarly journals Tumasik: Sejarah Awal Islam di Singapura (1200-1511 M)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Saefullah
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
India And China

This article attempts to trace the early history of Islam in Temasek, a former name of Singapore. The city was also known as the ‘Sea Town’, and was a part of the Nusantara. In the 12th-14th century, Tumasik and Kedah were important ports in the Malay Peninsula. Tumasik, at that time, was important enough to figure in international trade networks. The very strategic location of Tumasik, at the very tip of the Malay Peninsula, made it a significant prize for the master. Kingdoms that once ruled it: the Sriwijaya kingdom until the end of the 13th century AD and Majapahit kingdom that ruled it until the 14th century. In the 15th century AD, Tumasik came under the rule of Ayutthaya-Thailand; and subsequent occupation controlled by the Sultanate of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511 AD. Speaking on the comming of Islam in Tumasik that was along with the influx of Muslim merchants, both Arabic and Persian, between the 8th – 11th century which the trading activity increased in the Archipelago. Coastal cities and ports, one of which Tumasik, on the Malay Peninsula became the settlements of Muslim tradespeople. Most of them settled and married there. Thus, it is strongly suspected that Islam has been present in Tumasik since perhaps the 8th century AD. Up until the beginning of the 16th century, the old Singapore remains a Muslim settlement, along with other vendors, both from Europe, India, and China, and also became an important port under the Sultanate of Malacca. That Malaccan empire was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. Keywords: early history of Islam, Tumasik, Singapore, Sultanate of Malacca Artikel ini mencoba menelusuri sejarah awal Islam di Tumasik, kada disebut juga Temasek, nama dulu bagi Singapura. Kota ini juga disebut sebagai Kota Laut (Sea Town), dan merupakan bagian dari Nusantara masa lalu. Pada abad ke-12 s.d. 14 M, Tumasik bersama Kedah merupakan pelabuhan-pelabuhan penting di Semenanjung Malaya. Pada masa itu, Tumasik merupakan kota perdagangan yang cukup besar dan penting dalam jaringan perdagangan internasional. Posisinya yang sangat strategis di ujung Semenanjung Malaya, menjadikan Tumasik menggiurkan untuk dikuasai. Kerajaan-kerajaan yang pernah menguasai Tumasik yaitu Sriwijaya sampai akhir abad ke-13 M dan Majapahit sampai abad ke-14 M. Pada abad ke-15 M, Tumasik berada di bawah kekuasaan Ayutthaya-Thailand; dan selanjutnya dikuasai Kesultanan Malaka sampai pendu¬dukan Portugis 1511 M. Adapun proses masuknya Islam di Tumasik terjadi bersamaan dengan masuknya para pedagang Muslim, baik dari Arab maupun Persia pada abad ke-8 s.d. 11 M yang mengalami peningkatan aktivitas perdagangan. Kota-kota pesisir dan pelabuhan-pelabuhan, salah satunya Tumasik, di Semenanjung Malaya menjadi pemukiman-pemukiman bagi para pedagang Muslim tersebut. Sebagian dari mereka menetap dan berkeluarga di sana. Dengan demikian, diduga kuat bahwa Islam telah hadir di Tumasik antara abad ke-8 M - ke 11 M. Hingga permulaan abad ke-16 M, Singapura lama tetap menjadi pemukiman Muslim, bersama para pedagang lain, baik dari Eropa, India, maupun Cina, dan sekaligus menjadi pelabuhan penting di bawah kekuasaan Kesultanan Malaka, sampai dengan kesultanan ini ditaklukan oleh Portugis pada 1511 M. Kata kunci: sejarah awal Islam, Tumasik, Singapura, Kesultanan Malaka

scholarly journals Noyau krakowskiej twierdzy w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Opaliński
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Internal Line ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

In 1857 the Austrian military authorities started building an internal line of defence in the Krakow fortress, known as Noyau. Krakow, as an extremely important strategic point on the map of the Habsburg monarchy, required urgent fortification. The works were preceded by field studies and considerations of several variants of the planned fortifications. In progress, obstacles appeared which caused completion of the investment only after 9 years. The construction of Noyau, permanently saved in the history of the city, affected its urban planning and spatial development. Despite the demolition of most of the fortifications, we can still see a trace of their presence in the form of a system of communication routes, surrounding today’s downtown of Krakow.

scholarly journals Da ideia de planejamento no Brasil ao Plano Diretor participativo de Rio Verde (GO)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Emival Da Cunha Ribeiro ◽  
Márcio Rodrigues Silva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Participation Mechanisms ◽  
The City

ResumoEste artigo faz uma análise da participação popular no plano diretor do município de Rio Verde - Goiás. Inicialmente, é feito um breve histórico da ideia de como os Estados passam a planejar suas ações para buscar o desenvolvimento. Posteriormente, analisa-se a questão do planejamento urbano, a partir da perspectiva do Estatuto da Cidade, realçando a participação popular na gestão e no planejamento público das cidades. Finalmente, identificam-se os mecanismos de participação previstos no Plano Diretor de Rio Verde, destacando-se o Conselho das Cidades.Palavras-chave: Planejamento; planejamento urbano; participação popular. AbstractThis article is an analysis of citizens’ participation in the master plan of the municipality of Rio Verde – Goiás. Initially, a brief history of the idea of how states start planning their actions to seek development is described. Later, we analyze the issue of urban planning, from the perspective of the City Statute, highlighting public participation in public management and planning of cities. Finally, we identify the participation mechanisms established by the Master Plan of Rio Verde, highlighting the Council of Cities.Keywords: Planning; urban planning; public participation. ResumenEste artículo hace un análisis de la participación popular en el Plan Director Del município de Rio Verde, Goiás. Inicialmente, se hizo una lista de ideas de como los Estados planean sus acciones para buscar el desenvolvimiento. Posteriormente, se analizó la cuestión de la planificación urbana a partir de de la perspectiva del Estatuto de la ciudad, realzando la participación popular en la gestion y la planificación pública de las ciudades. Finalmente, se identificaron los mecanismos de participación previstos en el Plan Director de Rio Verde destacándose el consejo de las ciudades.Palabras clave: Planificación, planificación urbana, participación popular. 

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