„Die Moskauer Sonne scheint überall“. Die sowjetische Hauptstandt als Raum der Utopie in Das neue Moskau (1938) und Die Schweinepflegerin und der Hirt (1941)

Basing on Aleksandr Medvedkin’s New Moscow and Ivan Pyryev’s The Swineherd and the Shepherd, this case study analyses the way the “new” Moscow was represented as a space of realised utopia in the Soviet socialist realist films of the 1930s and at the beginning of the 1940s. Functioning as a supranational centre of the Soviet “affirmative action empire” (Terry Martin), the cinematographic Moscow casts off all constraints of ‘Russianness’ in order to become a pan-Soviet model which, both in its architecture and semantics, could epitomize the perfect city and the perfect state. The comparative analysis of both films demonstrates that, although both directors show Moscow through the lens of the so-called “spaces of celebration” (Mikhail Ryklin), ‘their’ Soviet capital does not compensate for the “traumas of the early phases of enforced urbanization”, as Ryklin supposed. Rather, it operates as a transformation machine whose impact pertains only to periphery and can be effective once the representatives of this periphery have left Moscow. The complex inclusion and exclusion mechanisms resulting from this logic turn the idealised Soviet capital into a space which only the guests from peripheral regions can perceive as utopian. The ensuing suppression ofthe inner perspectives on ‘utopian’ Moscow is interpreted here as a manifestation of the “cinematicunconscious”, which accounts for the anxieties of the inhabitants of the capital concerning both Stalinist terror and their own hegemony in a society haunted by the purges.

CREATING OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ENSEMBLE OF THE ZNAMENSKAYA STATION SQUARE IN ST PETERSBURG

The history of the creating of the Znamenskaya station square (now the Vosstaniya Square) in St. Petersburg is considered. The square appeared in front of the station of the first main railway in Russia, which connected two capitals - the old and the new - Moscow and St. Petersburg (from 1855 - Nikolaevskaya, from 1923 - October railway). The state status of the road also determined the status of the station square in front of its main station in St. Petersburg. The square was created as one of the main urban planning ensembles of the city, the formation of which was given attention at the highest level. Extensive archival sources have been studied, extracts and graphic materials from which are presented in this article. Based on the historical and urban planning analysis, the main factors that influenced the choice of the location of the station of the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway and its station square in St. Petersburg were identified. It is shown that Znamenskaya Square is one of the last urban planning ensembles of St. Petersburg, created centrally on the basis of classical principles according to a single project, including the entire front of the buildings that form it. It has been established that Znamenskaya Square is a unique urban planning phenomenon, since in the history of 19th century architecture, the fact of the creation of the station square, conceived as a single regular ensemble, is no longer known

Analysis of the interaction between soil and plant components of green infrastructure in urbanized areas: the case of New Moscow.

<p>Soils and green spaces are involved in ensuring the sustainable development and functioning of cities, contributing to the reduction of volatile organic substances and fine dust in the air, the formation of a microclimate, optimization of water balance and the preservation of biodiversity, and provide cultural, aesthetic and educational functions and services. The interaction of soil and plant components has a more significant impact on the sustainable development of green infrastructure in the city. The study of these processes is relevant for new urbanized territories, where their properties are primarily influenced by the history of land use. The research is aimed at studying the soil and plant components of 10 parks located in New Moscow with a different history of land use. According to the data obtained from 4 parks (2 formed on the site of arable land and two formed on the site of a forest), the lightest particle size distribution can be noted in parks located at a distance of more than 15 km from Moscow Ring Road (sandy loam and light loam). The difference between soils in parks formed on the site of arable land from forest parks can be observed in color, the number of horizons in the profile, the abundance of anthropogenic inclusions, and a less pronounced structure. Chemical analysis data show the most significant pollution in parks located far from the Moscow Ring Road. For example, in the parks of the 3rd microdistrict of Moskovsky and Butovo, at none of the points is there an excess of the RPC of Ni, Cu, Cd, As, Pb, in contrast to the other two parks. Analysis of the state of tree plantations shows the impact of land-use history on species diversity in recreational areas. So in the parks formed on the site of arable land, decorative growing trees prevail, which do not grow in natural conditions, this territory. And in the forest-park zones, there is a similarity of the species composition because both parks are formed on the site of a mixed forest.</p>

Architectural image of Moscow of the 1930s

В 1930-х годах реконструируется центр Москвы. Столица должна предстать городом будущей счастливой жизни. Новая московская архитектура анализируется в статье согласно триаде Витрувия: «прочность, польза, красота». Прослеживаются изменения стилистической направленности архитектуры в сложном диалоге конструктивизма и ар-деко.Показано, что «прочность» и «красота» в полной мере получили свое вневременное воплощение, но с точки зрения удобства и пользы отмечается ряд проблемных принципов и решений, которые и в настоящее время оказывают влияние на городскую среду Москвы. In the 1930s the center of Moscow is being reconstructed. The capital should appear as the city of the future happy life. The new Moscow architecture is analyzed in the article according to the Vitruvius triad “strength, usefulness, beauty”. Changes in the stylistic orientation of architecture in a complex dialogue between constructivism and art deco are noted. It is shown that “strength” and “beauty” fully got their timeless embodiment, but from the point of view of convenience and usefulness, a number of problematic principles and solutions are noted, which in the present have an impact on the urban environment of Moscow.

Analysis of the impact of urbanization on the microbiological, chemical and morphological properties of the soil in the recreational areas of the New Moscow with a different land-use history

<p>In conditions of on-going urbanization, urban parks play a key role in the sustainable development of urban space. New Moscow, the territory attached to Moscow in 2012, is currently the largest area in Russia experiencing rapid and intensive urban development. New Moscow is a unique area in which over the past five years, starting in 2012, rapid urbanization has been observed, including the formation of new recreational areas in the former forest, fallow and arable territories. There are currently more than 70 parks with a different land use history on this territory. Most of them have been created or reconstructed in the last 7 years. The aim of our study is to study the state of soils and green spaces of the recreational zones of New Moscow and the impact of anthropogenic factors on them, taking into account the different history of land use. For analysis, we selected 4 parks. Two parks are formed on the site of the former arable territory, and two parks in the forest zone. At the same time, one park from a couple was closer to the old borders of Moscow, and the second at a distance of more than 15 km. In the selected territories, we conduct physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of soils, as well as assess the state of green spaces. In each of the parks, 9 or 10 points were selected in various functional areas (territories near sports and playgrounds, in the walking area, barbecue area, etc.). The selection was carried out to a depth of 50-100 cm. The top layer (0-10 cm) was selected for analysis of the carbon content in the microbial biomass (Cmic), basal respiration (BR) and CO2 production. To carry out the pH, C / N analysis, as well as the content of heavy metals in the soil, the samples were taken horizontally to a depth of 100 cm. The second stage of the study was to assess the state of woody vegetation within a radius of 20 meters from each point selected for soil analysis. Thus, we plan to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the physical, chemical and microbiological condition of the soils of the recreational zones and green spaces with a different land use history and to identify the influence of the anthropogenic factor on them.</p>

The quality of environmental planning in the assessment of residents of Moscow

The paper analyzes the results of a sociological survey conducted in February-March 2020 by teachers and students of NRU MSUCE on the topic “Urboecological planning and design in the assessment of the young generation of townspeople.” The survey was conducted among young people permanently residing in the metropolitan area, including in the territory of New Moscow. The study identified the main challenges and problems facing city authorities and civil society in the in the metropolitan area and Moscow region. Some measures of urban ecological planning and design are considered. The author analyzes the components of the ecological culture of the townspeople, in the structure of which he distinguishes ecological education, ecological upbringing and ecological behavior. The results of the study can be used in planning and conducting environmental protection measures both in large metropolitan areas, in particular in Moscow, and in medium-sized settlements.

Protected species of animals as an indicator of ecological state of New Moscow territory

One of the indicators of the ecological state of the territory is an indicator of the number of protected species of biota as an element of the natural heritage, which is directly dependent on the state of the environment and nature conservation activity; at the same time, the state of species of biota is important, which categories and protection status speak about. On the territory of New Moscow live animal species that are currently listed in the Red Book of the Moscow Region [2018]. In 2012, these territories were transferred to the capital, and their development is planned within the city. However, the registration of protected species has not yet been combined with the accounting in the metropolitan territories. The development of New Moscow in the rank of the capital will inevitably lead to an increase in anthropogenic load and the environmental situation will worsen, which even now is not everywhere favorable. The species that are found in New Moscow (was studied the territory of the Troitsky and Novomoskovsky administrative districts — hereinafter the TNAD), in Moscow, as a rule, have a higher protection category or do not occur at all. Many of these species are listed in the Red Books of regions adjacent to Moscow region, and some in the Red Book of Russian Federation [2001]. There are species that are also included in international environmental programs, Red Books and specialized environmental actions of different countries or groups of countries. In the article species considers from this point of view, compares with the Red Book of Moscow, provides a list of protected species of animals and maps of species findings, with considering the ecological situation. On the territory of TNAD, currently 67 species of animals are listed in the Red Books in different categories, among them are 3 species of mammals, 20 — birds, 2 — reptiles, 2 — amphibians, 1 — fishes, 39 — invertebrates (37 insects, 1 a representative of the class of gill legs and 1 — gastropods). In the process, maps of the Red Book of the Moscow Region [2018] for individual species are summarized and 5 maps of finds were compiled for classes and large groups of protected animals in 5 protection categories.

Current Trends in Moscow Settlement Pattern Development: A Multiscale Approach

The article studies current trends in Moscow population in context of socio- economic polarization strengthening between the capital city and other regions of the country. The study applies multiscale approach covering Moscow influence on Central Russia and other regions, interaction with the Moscow oblast and the level of internal population distribution within Moscow and particular settlements and villages in New Moscow territories. The gap in development is significantly noticeable for expanding Moscow and Moscow oblast against the background of depopulation in Central Russia regions and cities. Within the boundaries of Moscow the continuing model of extensive spatial growth of population has led to the most rapid growth of its periphery zone. Areas similar to bedroom communities in Old Moscow are forming in the municipalities of New Moscow located along the Moscow ring road (MKAD) and main radial highways, while large part of the new territories remain a typical countryside with villages and summer residents. Analysis of New Moscow suburban areas reveals the actual land use mosaics obscured by the official delimitation of Moscow and Moscow oblast and the formal division of population into urban and rural.