“Smash Temples, Build Schools”: Comparing Secularism in India and China

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter van der Veer
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
Political Project ◽  
India And China

This chapter discusses secularism as a political project with its own utopian elements. Secularism refers to the growing importance of scientific knowledge that is not constrained by religious authority. Religion is sometimes taken to be an obstacle for scientific progress and secularism demands its removal for the benefit of societal development that is guided by scientific discovery and technological innovation. Secularization was seen by sociologists as an intrinsic and inescapable part of the modernization of Western society, with the assumption that this was something all societies had to go through. An alternative to post-Weberian arguments in sociology about religion and secularity is offered by theories that emphasize individual, rational choice in religious markets.

scholarly journals Machine learning for perovskite materials design and discovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuling Tao ◽  
Pengcheng Xu ◽  
Minjie Li ◽  
Wencong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Double Perovskites ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Development Tendency ◽  
Development Prospects

AbstractThe development of materials is one of the driving forces to accelerate modern scientific progress and technological innovation. Machine learning (ML) technology is rapidly developed in many fields and opening blueprints for the discovery and rational design of materials. In this review, we retrospected the latest applications of ML in assisting perovskites discovery. First, the development tendency of ML in perovskite materials publications in recent years was organized and analyzed. Second, the workflow of ML in perovskites discovery was introduced. Then the applications of ML in various properties of inorganic perovskites, hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites and double perovskites were briefly reviewed. In the end, we put forward suggestions on the future development prospects of ML in the field of perovskite materials.

scholarly journals The Science DMZ: A Network Design Pattern for Data-Intensive Science

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Dart ◽  
Lauren Rotman ◽  
Brian Tierney ◽  
Mary Hester ◽  
Jason Zurawski
Keyword(s):  
Network Design ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
And Performance

The ever-increasing scale of scientific data has become a significant challenge for researchers that rely on networks to interact with remote computing systems and transfer results to collaborators worldwide. Despite the availability of high-capacity connections, scientists struggle with inadequate cyberinfrastructure that cripples data transfer performance, and impedes scientific progress. The ScienceDMZparadigm comprises a proven set of network design patterns that collectively address these problems for scientists. We explain the Science DMZ model, including network architecture, system configuration, cybersecurity, and performance tools, that creates an optimized network environment for science. We describe use cases from universities, supercomputing centers and research laboratories, highlighting the effectiveness of the Science DMZ model in diverse operational settings. In all, the Science DMZ model is a solid platform that supports any science workflow, and flexibly accommodates emerging network technologies. As a result, the Science DMZ vastly improves collaboration, accelerating scientific discovery.

Internet and Access to Scholarly Publications

2011 ◽  
pp. 653-659
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Rennard
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Scholarly Publications

“If I have seen further it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” The famous statement of Sir Isaac Newton demonstrates that the progress of science relies on the dissemination of discoveries and scientific knowledge. Even though scientific progress is not strictly cumulative (Kuhn, 1970), information sharing is the heart of this progress. In the Gutenberg era, researchers had no alternative: Publishers were the only way to reach readers. The development of e-commerce and of digital networks led to the post-Gutenberg era, and offers a powerful alternative that can lead in the long term to a new organization of scientific publications (Harnad, 1999). As well as e-commerce is revolutionizing the distribution of cultural goods (particularly music), the distribution of scientific knowledge through the Internet should contribute to the emergence of a new economic model.

7. Hermeneutics and science

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Personal Bias ◽  
The Future ◽  
Scientific Positivism

Science, we have been taught, rests on strictly empirical observation, accurate measurement, and the exact verification of its results. Scientific knowledge is independent of received opinion, personal bias, and the vagaries of language. ‘Hermeneutics and science’ shows that this position of scientific objectivism and scientific positivism does not hold. It explains the hermeneutics of scientific discovery, which depends heavily on the personal intuition of a scientist whose deep familiarity with a prior theory and the relevant facts, together with the hitherto stubbornly unexplained anomalies, allows them to intuit a better way of integrating all these particulars into a new coherent framework. It concludes by looking to the future of hermeneutics.

scholarly journals The View of Professor O.A. Zhidkov on Legal Systems and Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Marina V. Nemytina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Universal History ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Frame Work

The present article addressees the doctrine on legal systems and families within the frame work of the Universal History of State and Law. The writings of Oleg Andreevich Zhidkov (1931–2005), a recognized leader in this domain of scientific knowledge, are explored. The methodological scheme of legal systems and families helps in understanding ways of societal development of countries and peoples.

scholarly journals Reproducible Research: A Retrospective

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Peng ◽  
Stephanie C. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Reproducible Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date

Advances in computing technology have spurred two extraordinary phenomena in science: large-scale and high-throughput data collection coupled with the creation and implementation of complex statistical algorithms for data analysis. These two phenomena have brought about tremendous advances in scientific discovery but have raised two serious concerns. The complexity of modern data analyses raises questions about the reproducibility of the analyses, meaning the ability of independent analysts to recreate the results claimed by the original authors using the original data and analysis techniques. Reproducibility is typically thwarted by a lack of availability of the original data and computer code. A more general concern is the replicability of scientific findings, which concerns the frequency with which scientific claims are confirmed by completely independent investigations. Although reproducibility and replicability are related, they focus on different aspects of scientific progress. In this review, we discuss the origins of reproducible research, characterize the current status of reproducibility in public health research, and connect reproducibility to current concerns about replicability of scientific findings. Finally, we describe a path forward for improving both the reproducibility and replicability of public health research in the future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 42 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Monopoly of scientific paradigms and goals of scientific knowledge

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 57-82
Author(s):  
Slobodan Negic
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Relativistic Approach ◽  
Autonomy Of Science ◽  
Further Development

The text that has been presented here offers a model of analysis based on the comparison of cumulative and relativistic approach in contemporary methodology and philosophy of science. The analysis is related to some of the most important problems of these disciplines, such as possibility of defining the falsification criteria for scientific theories or growth of scientific knowledge. Therefore, we have Popper (and later Lakatos) on one side, versus Kuhn on the other side. The analysis is conducted in a form of internal critique of uniformistic notion of scientific progress, in compliance with all the normative and formal requests of such argumentation. The emphases has been put on the development of conventionalism in modern science, which led to it's acceptance as a legitimate point of view in contemporary methodology. This happened due to the fact that the criteria for refuting scientific theories where constantly lowered when confronted with logical arguments derived from the very own structure of development of contemporary science. The main thesis of this work explains how aforementioned development of conventionalism implicates certain devastating consequences for methodology itself. Conventionalism encompasses by definition the external (social) factor of influence in every further development of methodology, seriously damaging the autonomy of science and scientific knowledge as well.

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