Trust and Modernity

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Philipp Reemtsma
Keyword(s):  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Do So

This chapter argues that modernity's trust in the whole consists in the whole not entering the equation. We still trust in the whole, but the preservation of that whole rests on everyone's shoulders. Trust in the stability of functional differentiation is not something modernity can demand; and any attempt to do so is rendered harmless by its own absurdity. Modern trust rests on the belief that the absence of such a demand is guaranteed. This guarantee arises from legal regulations that enable us to meet one another as parties to a contract, as beneficiaries of certain legal rights. The state monopoly on violence enforces these legal regulations, producing a society in which individuals or groups are forbidden from using violence to settle their disputes, and punished if they do. This sense of mutual trust—the expectation of nonviolence in one's interactions—is a consequence of the monopoly on violence, but it is also its prerequisite.

scholarly journals An Introduction to the Problem of Authority

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Michael Huemer
Keyword(s):  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Government ◽  
Do So

By general consensus, there is a presumption against coercion: Only in a relatively narrow range of circumstances may an individual or group deploy physical force, or threats of physical force, against other individuals or groups. However, these circumstances do not include most of the circumstances in which governments actually deploy force. In other words, the typical behav- ior of governments is behavior that would be considered unacceptable, if adopted by any non-governmental person or group. This happens because the government is thought to have a special kind of authority (political authority), which private individuals and groups lack. The central contention of this paper is that there is nothing special about the state that explains why it would have authority over everyone else. The state, therefore, has only political power, not political authority. That is, it has the ability to coerce other agents and to take their resources, but it has no more moral right to do so than any other agent has. This view leads to a libertarian political philosophy. Keywords: political authority, political legitimacy, political obligation coercion, libertarianism JEL Classification: D63, D74, Z18 Resumen: Por consenso general, existe una presunción contra la coerción: sólo en un rango relativamente estrecho de circunstancias puede un individuo o grupo desplegar fuerza física, o amenazas de fuerza física, contra otros indi- viduos o grupos. Sin embargo, estas circunstancias no incluyen la mayoría de las circunstancias en las que los gobiernos realmente implementan la fuerza.  En otras palabras, el comportamiento típico de los gobiernos es un comportam- iento que se consideraría inaceptable si fuera adoptado por cualquier persona o grupo no gubernamental. Esto sucede porque se piensa que el gobierno tiene un tipo especial de autoridad (autoridad política) de la cual carecen los individuos y grupos privados. El argumento central de este artículo es que no hay nada especial en el estado que explique por qué debería tener autoridad sobre todos los demás. El estado, por lo tanto, sólo tiene poder político, no autoridad política. Es decir, tiene la capacidad de coaccionar a otros agentes y de tomar sus recursos, pero no tiene más derecho moral de hacerlo que cualquier otro agente. Esta visión conduce a una filosofía política libertaria. Palabras clave: autoridad política, legitimidad política, obligación política, coerción, libertarianismo Clasificación JEL: D63, D74, Z18

Power and Violence

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Philipp Reemtsma
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
The State ◽  
State Monopoly

This chapter paints a picture of modernity as a fragmented and legally regulated power structure underwritten by a state monopoly on violence. This power structure allows functional differentiation to thrive and determines modernity's practices of social trust. It also defines the risks: institutions licensed to use violence that cannot themselves be controlled by violence; the deregulation of the entire power structure should those institutions turn against the state; the subversion of the power structure when too much of the population participates in violence. These risks can be described as crises of trust, and crises of trust are always crises of trust about the trust of others.

LIBERTY AND THE CONSTITUTION

Legal Theory ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 156-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The State ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
American Constitution ◽  
State Coercion ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACTThe article uses the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision in the same-sex marriage caseObergefell v. Hodgesas the springboard for a general enquiry into the nature and existence of a constitutional right to liberty under the American Constitution. The discussion is divided into two main parts. The first examines the meaning and the justifiability of there being a moral right to liberty as a matter of political philosophy. Two such rights are distinguished and defended: first, a right not to be coerced by the state when the state is motivated by improper reasons (prominent among which are paternalistic reasons); and second, a right not to be coerced by the state when there are insufficient justifying reasons for the state to do so, irrespective of how such state coercion may be motivated. Neither right is regarded as “absolute,” and so it is morally permissible for the state to override such rights in certain circumstances. The second part of the article examines the distinct and additional considerations that must be taken into account when these two moral rights to liberty are fashioned into corresponding legal rights under American constitutional law. Both such rights survive the transformation, but each becomes altered somewhat in its content. This legal transformation includes recognition of the nonabsolute nature of moral rights, such recognition taking the form of some doctrine of “compelling state interests.” The discussion in these two main parts of the article is prefaced with a defense of the article's use of political philosophy to inform constitutional law, a defense motivated by Chief Justice Robert's denunciation of such an approach to constitutional law in his opinion inObergefell.

scholarly journals Enhancement of observability using Kubernetes operator

2022 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Prerana Shenoy S. P. ◽  
Sai Vishnu Soudri ◽  
Ramakanth Kumar P. ◽  
Sahana Bailuguttu
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Memory Usage ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Cpu Utilization ◽  
Automated Monitoring System ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Do So

Observability is the ability for us to monitor the state of the system, which involves monitoring standard metrics like central processing unit (CPU) utilization, memory usage, and network bandwidth. The more we can understand the state of the system, the better we can improve the performance by recognizing unwanted behavior, improving the stability and reliability of the system. To achieve this, it is essential to build an automated monitoring system that is easy to use and efficient in its working. To do so, we have built a Kubernetes operator that automates the deployment and monitoring of applications and notifies unwanted behavior in real time. It also enables the visualization of the metrics generated by the application and allows standardizing these visualization dashboards for each type of application. Thus, it improves the system's productivity and vastly saves time and resources in deploying monitored applications, upgrading Kubernetes resources for each application deployed, and migration of applications.

The Symmetry Enigma in Hobbes

Dialogue ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishtiyaque Haji
Keyword(s):  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
The State ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Do So

Gregory Kavka has recently highlighted, and attempted resolution of, a possible problem with Hobbes's views on state-of-nature co-operation. The problem, having to do with whether it is rational to abide by one's agreements in what appear to be prisoner's dilemma (PD) or PD-like situations, can provisionally be summarized in this way: A covenant of mutual trust is an agreement in which both parties are required to discharge their covenantal obligation, in sequence, at some time after the contract is made (WM,3,14,120–121,124). Hobbes seems to affirm that it is not rational in the state of nature for covenant-parties who have to perform first—first-parties—to keep their agreements, although it is rational for second-parties to do so if first-parties have already performed. These views on the rationality of contract-keeping generate the symmetry enigma: precisely what is the asymmetry between the situations of first-parties and second-parties in the state of nature that makes it irrational for first-parties to do the cooperative thing but rational for second-parties to do so?

A Re-Appraisal of the Role of Blood Coagulation and Platelets in the Generalized Shwartzman Phenomenon

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 519-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Levin ◽  
E Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Renal Lesions ◽  
Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Renal Glomeruli ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Shwartzman Phenomenon ◽  
Do So

SummaryThe role of intravascular coagulation in the production of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon has been evaluated. The administration of endotoxin to animals prepared with Thorotrast results in activation of the coagulation mechanism with the resultant deposition of fibrinoid material in the renal glomeruli. Anticoagulation prevents alterations in the state of the coagulation system and inhibits development of the renal lesions. Platelets are not primarily involved. Platelet antiserum produces similar lesions in animals prepared with Thorotrast, but appears to do so in a manner which does not significantly involve intravascular coagulation.The production of adrenal cortical hemorrhage, comparable to that seen in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, following the administration of endotoxin to animals that had previously received ACTH does not require intravascular coagulation and may not be a manifestation of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon.

Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage

2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soviet Experience

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

Cracking national integration after the events (the Arab Spring) and its impact On regional stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhannad Al Janabi Al Janabi
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Political Media ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Arab Spring

Since late 2010 and early 2011, the Arab region has witnessed mass protests in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Bahrain and other countries that have been referred to in the political, media and other literature as the Arab Spring. These movements have had a profound effect on the stability of the regimes Which took place against it, as leaders took off and contributed to radical reforms in party structures and public freedoms and the transfer of power, but it also contributed to the occurrence of many countries in an internal spiral, which led to the erosion of the state from the inside until it became a prominent feature of the Arab) as is the case in Syria, Libya, Yemen and Iraq.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT DEBT ON FINANCIAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Pikaliuk ◽  
◽  
Dmitry Kovalenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The Public ◽  
Debt Security ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

One of the main criteria for economic development is the size of the public debt and its dynamics. The article considers the impact of public debt on the financial security of Ukraine. The views of scientists on the essence of public debt and financial security of the state are substantiated. An analysis of the dynamics and structure of public debt of Ukraine for 2014-2019. It is proved that one of the main criteria for economic development is the size of public debt and its dynamics. State budget deficit, attracting and using loans to cover it have led to the formation and significant growth of public debt in Ukraine. The volume of public debt indicates an increase in the debt security of the state, which is a component of financial security. Therefore, the issue of the impact of public debt on the financial security of Ukraine is becoming increasingly relevant. The constant growth and large amounts of debt make it necessary to study it, which will have a positive impact on economic processes that will ensure the stability of the financial system and enhance its security.

Catalytic Enantioselective Benzylation Directly from Aryl Acetic Acids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Moon ◽  
Zhongyu Wie ◽  
Rylan Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Terminal Event ◽  
Radical Intermediates ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Reaction Proceeds ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Metal Catalyzed ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Acetic Acids

The stability and wide availability of carboxylic acids make them valuable reagents in chemical synthesis. Most transition metal catalyzed processes using carboxylic acid substrates are initiated by a decarboxylation event that generates reactive carbanion or radical intermediates. Developing enantioselective methodologies relying on these principles can be challenging, as highly reactive species tend to react indiscriminately without selectivity. Furthermore, anionic or radical intermediates generated from decarboxylation can be incompatible with protic and electrophilic functionality, or groups that undergo trapping with radicals. We demonstrate that metal-catalyzed enantioselective benzylation reactions of allylic electrophiles can occur directly from aryl acetic acids. The reaction proceeds via a pathway in which decarboxylation is the terminal event, occurring after stereoselective carbon–carbon bond formation. The mechanistic features of the process enable enantioselective benzylation without the generation of a highly basic nucleophile. Thus, the process has broad functional group compatibility that would not be possible employing established protocols.<br>

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