Major Development Blocks in the Twentieth Century and Their Impacts on Energy

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malanima Paolo ◽  
Astrid Kander ◽  
Paul Warde
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Major Development ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Development Block ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe

This chapter examines the impact of major development blocks on the diffusion of new energy carriers and energy consumption in twentieth-century Europe. The focus is on the drivers of energy transitions and economic energy efficiency. The second and third industrial revolutions were each distinguished by major development blocks in the fields of energy and communication. In the second industrial revolution, starting around 1870, there were two main development blocks: one centered on the internal combustion engine and oil use (the ICE-Oil block) and another one centered on electricity (the Electricity block). In the third industrial revolution, which took off from the mid-1970s, the development block around information and communication technology (the ICT block) becomes dominant, with the transistor as its macro-innovation. The chapter discusses the functioning of the core macro-innovation of each development block as well as its diffusion in society using the concepts of market suction and market widening.

The Role of Energy in Twentieth-Century Economic Growth

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malanima Paolo ◽  
Astrid Kander ◽  
Paul Warde
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Shared Experience ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe

This chapter examines the role of energy in the economic growth of twentieth-century Europe. It considers the interrelationships of factors of production in order to identify the general features of a shared experience of growth, rather than to illuminate the local differences. The chapter first explains how development blocks contributed to GDP growth before discussing seven long-run propositions, including the strong growth of capital stock and catch-up with the leader of capital–GDP ratios; machinery increased more than GDP, labor, and other capital; and falling and converging energy intensity in the twentieth century. The chapter concludes with an overview of the link between energy intensity and economic structure. It argues that it was the third industrial revolution that was behind most of the increasing economic efficiency of energy consumption after the 1970s.

scholarly journals Digital and Intelligent Public Administration: transformations in the era of artificial intelligence

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (71) ◽  
pp. 55-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gustavo Corvalán
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Impact

This article addresses the impact of the digital era and it specifically refers to information and communication technologies (ICT) in Public Administration. It is based on the international approach and underscores the importance of incorporating new technologies established by the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Thereon, it highlights the Argentine Republic national approach towards ICT, and how it has moved towards a digital paradigm. It then emphasizes on the challenges and opportunities that emerge from the impact that artificial intelligence has in transforming Public Administration. Finally, it concludes that the key challenge of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is to achieve a boost towards a Digital and Intelligent Administration and government, which promotes the effectiveness of rights and an inclusive technological development that assures the digital dignity of people.  

Entropy Law, Sustainability, and Third Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramprasad Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Finite Limit ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Fuel Substitution ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Impact

In mankind’s relentless quest for prosperity, Nature has suffered great damage. It has been treated as an inexhaustible reserve of resources. The indefinite scale of global expansion is still continuing and now the earth’s very survival is under threat. But against this exploitation of nature, there is the concept of entropy, which places a finite limit on the extent to which resources can be used in any closed system, such as our planet. Considering the impact of entropy, this book examines the key issues of sustainability—social, economic, and environmental. It discusses the social dimension of sustainability, showing how it is impacted by issues of economic inequality, poverty, and other socio-economic and infrastructural factors in the Indian context. It also highlights how Indian households suffer from clean energy poverty and points to the inequality in distribution of different fuels and of fuel cost among households. It assesses India’s power sector and its potential to be a significant player in bringing the Third Industrial Revolution to India by replacing fossil fuels with new renewables. It concludes by projecting power sector scenarios till 2041–42 achievable through alternative, realizable policy with respect to energy conservation and fuel substitution, and thus paves the way for the green power.

Introduction: A Peaceful Europe? Negotiating Peace in the Twentieth Century

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOLGER NEHRING ◽  
HELGE PHARO
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
European History ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Dark Continent ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe

AbstractThe introduction to this special issue on peace in twentieth-century Europe develops a novel interpretation of twentieth-century European history. Rather than focusing on the question of the impact of war and violence within European societies, it seeks to examine what we can gain from exploring how peace was established and maintained in the wake of wars in various European societies. In particular, it focuses on the manifold ways in which different social and international actors negotiated peace, both literally and symbolically. Taken together, the contributions to this special issue thus present a much more complex picture of twentieth-century Europe than the one of a ‘Dark Continent’ (Mark Mazower) ravaged by violence or that propagated by European institutions of a peaceful Europe.

scholarly journals The impact of air pollution on terrestrial managed and natural vegetation

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2183) ◽  
pp. 20190317 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Stevens ◽  
J. N. B. Bell ◽  
P. Brimblecombe ◽  
C. M. Clark ◽  
N. B. Dise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Although awareness that air pollution can damage vegetation dates back at least to the 1600s, the processes and mechanisms of damage were not rigorously studied until the late twentieth century. In the UK following the Industrial Revolution, urban air quality became very poor, with highly phytotoxic SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations, and remained that way until the mid-twentieth century. Since then both air quality, and our understanding of pollutants and their impacts, have greatly improved. Air pollutants remain a threat to natural and managed ecosystems. Air pollution imparts impacts through four major threats to vegetation are discussed through in a series of case studies. Gas-phase effects by the primary emissions of SO 2 and NO 2 are discussed in the context of impacts on lichens in urban areas. The effects of wet and dry deposited acidity from sulfur and nitrogen compounds are considered with a particular focus on forest decline. Ecosystem eutrophication by nitrogen deposition focuses on heathland decline in the Netherlands, and ground-level ozone at phytotoxic concentrations is discussed by considering impacts on semi-natural vegetation. We find that, although air is getting cleaner, there is much room for additional improvement, especially for the effects of eutrophication on managed and natural ecosystems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Air quality, past present and future’.

The Entrepreneurial Multiplier Effect

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOUIS GALAMBOS ◽  
FRANCO AMATORI
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

Since the Keynesian revolution in economics, a standard part of the profession’s analytical framework, and an argument for government support for investment, has been the multiplier concept. This classical multiplier works through consumption in an equilibrium model. Our contention is that there is also an entrepreneurial multiplier that works directly through investment by incentivizing or forcing investments in innovation in a dynamic, disequilibrium model. These investments have been analyzed as “spill-overs,” or responses to “bottlenecks,” or Schumpeterian examples of emulation. We suggest that the surges of innovation in capitalism were even broader than Schumpeter did, and that they can best be explored using a multiplier paradigm. We start that exploration by briefly examining selected patterns of entrepreneurship in the first, second, and third industrial revolutions. Our emphasis is on the sequences of innovations; the manner in which they are multiplied; and their economic, cultural, and political consequences. We delve into the first Industrial Revolution in New England and in Lombardy, Italy; the second Industrial Revolution in the United States and France, and the third Industrial Revolution in America and Europe. In all three of these dramatic capitalist transitions, there is evidence of the entrepreneurial multiplier at work, broadening, deepening, and extending the impact of the major innovations.

scholarly journals The Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Teaching English to College Students

EFL Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Impact

Teaching in general and language teaching in particular has enormously changed through time. Language teaching, throughout the twentieth century, experienced massive changes and innovations to become more dynamic, active, and interactive. Language teaching in the twentieth century has witnessed diverse theories and trends which shaped language teaching based on needs, context, practicality, and availability of resources. Meanwhile, there has been the addition of information and communication technology (ICT) to the theories and methodologies mentioned. The Internet, in particular, is becoming an increasingly vital tool in our information society. In this research, which is a quasi-experimental study, we studied the effects of ICT on a sample of 55 EFL college students. The findings show that ICT enhances language learning experience and can act as an effective tool both for teaching and learning. The author hopes the current study makes its way into the education system both in high schools and universities and can persuade the teachers to integrate ICT and teaching.

scholarly journals Enhancing Society Welfare Through Smart City Improvement by the Government in Kediri

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magistyo Purboyo Priambodo ◽  
Ni’matul Istiqomah ◽  
Nur Anita Yunikawati ◽  
Emma Yunika Puspasari
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The era of the fourth industrial revolution has caused many changes in every aspect of human life. The rapid development of technology has brought many advances affecting the socio-economic aspects of the lives of people in urban areas. The impact is different in people who are adapted compared with people who cannot adjust. Therefore, the government must interfere to accommodate these different conditions to reduce socio-economic inequalities for the future. The government also plays a role in efforts to improve welfare through the Smart City program, which involves all components of society. This program involves planning, developing and implementing technology in an urban area, which creates complex and synchronized systems of interactions. The purpose of this study was to determine the strategic role of Smart City in improving people’s welfare. Kediri is one of the regions in Indonesia that has implemented a Smart City program and is continuously improving its implementation. Descriptive qualitative methods were used with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through observations and literacy studies, to obtain a reflection of the implementation of Smart City in Kediri. The results described the implementation of the Smart City program, and showed that the quality of government services relating to the welfare of the community has improved, in terms of the economy, education, health and public facilities. The level of community participation in supporting regional activities has also increased due to the support of information and communication technology. Keywords: Regional Economy, Smart City Program, Society Welfare, ICT

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