Introduction

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
The People ◽  
Republican Era ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Government Authority

This introductory chapter briefly illustrates what life was like for the urban poor in Republican-era China. It also traces the changes in attitudes about “poverty” and the policies enacted for its alleviation, which took place in the early decades of the twentieth century in China, a critical historical juncture when new possibilities emerged for imagining the relationship between government authority and the people. The chapter reveals new insights into the lives of the urban destitute and discusses the various sources used in the course of research. Its analysis illuminates how people detained under these circumstances responded to the disciplinary project of making them into “citizens,” and how they coped with destitution in a period of deep social dislocation. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief overview of the entire volume.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Baer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Francisco Franco ◽  
Mikhail Bakunin ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to show how the ebb and flow of Spanish anarchist migrations to Argentina helps explain the development of both a transnational anarchist ideology and related organizations that connect these two countries. It follows the lives, careers, ideas, influence, and travel of dozens of individuals who moved between these two countries in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. The life stories of individual immigrants allow us to explore their movements and understand how supranational links influenced the growth of the anarchist movements in Spain and Argentina. This study encompasses the period between 1868, when the ideas of Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin first became known in Spain, and the end of the Spanish Civil War, after which the regime of Generalíssimo Francisco Franco and the Second World War effectively ended the relationship between these two countries' anarchist movements. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.

Power and Place

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-233
Author(s):  
Erika Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Documentary Photography ◽  
Irish Society ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 6 surveys the history of documentary photography in twentieth-century Ireland. In particular, it examines the emergence of a new generation of documentary photographers and their role in debates about the nature of Irish society from the 1970s to the 1990s. Self-consciously radical, these photographers aimed to use their work to expose injustice and ‘reveal’ the hidden side of Irish life. In particular, the chapter focuses on the career of three photographers: Derek Speirs, Joanne O’Brien, and Frankie Quinn. It uses close readings of the work of these photographers, contemporaneous photography magazines, coupled with the extensive use of oral histories to explore the impact of documentary photography on Ireland in the later twentieth century. In their depiction of poverty as both visceral and uncomfortable, they challenged the traditional iconography of Ireland which had aestheticized or even eulogized these themes. Moreover, these photographers were often self-conscious and reflective regarding the relationship between themselves and the people—often in difficult circumstances—whom they portrayed. Nevertheless, they were often forced to make difficult choices about the depiction of poverty, violence, and injustice which attempted to expose societal problems without being voyeuristic. An exploration of choices they made regarding how they engaged with their subjects, what they photographed, and where they published provides a way of exploring the visual economies of social justice in later twentieth-century Ireland.

The (Im)Movable Monument

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-82
Author(s):  
Joy M. Giguere
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Public History ◽  
Public Memory ◽  
Lost Cause ◽  
The South ◽  
The People ◽  
The Relationship

Despite Kentucky’s status as a Union state during the Civil War, the Louisville Confederate Soldiers’ Monument, erected in 1895 by the Kentucky Confederate Women’s Monument Association, is a representative example of Confederate memorialization in the South. Its history through the twentieth century, culminating in the creation of the nearby Freedom Park to counterbalance the monument’s symbolism and its ultimate removal and relocation to nearby Brandenburg, Kentucky, in 2017, reveals the relationship between such monuments and the Lost Cause, urban development, public history, and public memory. Using the Louisville Confederate Monument as a case study, this essay considers the ways in which Confederate monuments not only reflect the values of the people who erected them, but ultimately shape and are shaped by their environments.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Brian Holden Reid
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Military History ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Military Career ◽  
The Difference ◽  
William Tecumseh Sherman ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

This introductory chapter provides an overview of William Tecumseh Sherman, one of the architects of the northern victory in the American Civil War in 1865. Sherman is often depicted as a ruthless, utterly heartless, and unprincipled destroyer. During his Marches across Georgia and the Carolinas in 1864–65, the Confederate press likened his armies to the pillaging hordes of barbarians that despoiled the Western Roman Empire during its death throes. Sherman’s campaigns appeared prophetic—but he seemed a prophet of doom. However, this diabolical image veers drastically from the reality of the historical Sherman. Sherman’s military career should be assessed within the context of his own time. Viewed in the longer stream of Western military history, Sherman was not prophetic and did not anticipate the methods used during the two World Wars of the twentieth century. He simply recognized with great clarity that warfare is cruel and pitiless—a veritable scourge—and does not provide ready-made protection for the weaker side. Historians have often considered the relationship between military thought and execution, the difference between theory and practice, as puzzling, even intractable or enigmatic. In reappraising Sherman’s military conduct, and the thinking that lay behind it, the main aim of this book is to show how these two sides of one of the most admired but also most condemned of American commanders, the thinker and the doer, intermesh.

scholarly journals Het idee van verzoening tussen blank en zwart in Koen Peeters’ De Mensengenezer

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (5 Zeszyt specjalny) ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
Jeĺena Nesić
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The Relationship

The “Congo-novel” is an important subgenre in Flemish literature. Dutch texts from as early as the sixteenth century contain passages about Africa. Interest in this continent continued to grow over the following centuries. This article discusses one of the themes present in De Mensengenezer (“The People Healer”, 2017), a recently published Congo-novel by the contemporary Flemish author Koen Peeters (born 1959). The focus in this article is on the relationship between whites and blacks in the context of the Congo-novel. Most of the Flemish prose on the Congo from the twentieth century and earlier depicted the blacks as inferior to the whites. Instead, De Mensengenezer offers the idea of reconciliation between these two groups.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Geismer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban History ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Route 128 ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory chapter describes the myth of Massachusetts exceptionalism in the context of suburban liberalism, and provides a brief overview of Massachusetts politics in general, particularly what it means to be a “Massachusetts liberal.” In particular, the chapter states that the suburban liberals in the Route 128 area have stood at the intersection of the political, economic, and spatial reorganizations that occurred in the United States since 1945, but they have been largely left out of the traditional frameworks of twentieth-century political and urban history. Yet the chapter argues that liberal activism in the Route 128 area illuminates several key factors about the nature of suburban politics and the relationship between national developments and the particularities of political patterns in Massachusetts.

Brutalism and the People: Architectural Articulations of National Developmentalism in Mid-Twentieth-Century São Paulo

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-326
Author(s):  
José H. Bortoluci
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Global South ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The Political ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The People ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Design And Construction

AbstractThis article examines the question of how architects in São Paulo during the 1950s and 1960s addressed the political nature of their work, and more specifically the connections between their practice and the lives and politics of the urban poor in the context of a rapidly expanding metropolis of the Global South. More specifically, it assesses how they elaborated strategies to articulate the semiotic and material practices of Brutalism and the political repertoire of national developmentalism, initially in its democratic and later in its authoritarian form. The article argues that these architects deployed two semio-material strategies to operationalize the articulation between that political repertoire and the field of architecture: metaphorical indexicality and the impetus for the industrialization of construction. The image of the urban poor reinforced by that political repertoire was marked by a severe distance from their empirical life experiences, which deeply affected the practices of design and construction that progressive architects advanced.

The Red Menace Reconsidered: A Forgotten History of Communist Mobilization in Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas, 1945-1964

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brodwyn Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
The Political ◽  
Labor Politics ◽  
Urban Social Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Left ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Instrumental Role

Abstract This article focuses on the relationship between the political Left and Brazil’s urban poor by exploring the paradoxical role of Brazilian communists in the massive land struggles that mobilized Rio’s favelas against forced eviction in the mid-twentieth century. Without the communists’ organizational, legal, and political acumen, Rio’s iconic favelas might never have become a permanent and precious urban foothold for the migrant poor. Without the residents’ support, the Brazilian Communist Party might not have experienced electoral triumph in the late 1940s or maintained a strong political presence through the decades when it was declared illegal. And yet favela activists rarely acknowledge communist involvement in their struggles, and Communist activists and scholars grant such movements only a marginal, instrumental role in the Brazilian Communist movement. This dance of mutual forgetting reveals much about the subtle but persistent disjuncture between leftist ideology and grassroots political practice that characterized mid-twentieth-century Brazil. Analysts have long bemoaned and explored this disjuncture in the context of Brazil’s labor politics; this article argues that the gap between party doctrine and the massive, diffuse urban social movements of the mid-twentieth century was broader and more fateful still.

On Metaphysics and the Political: A Polemics of Reading Baudelaire in the 1930s

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.

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