The Chaos of War

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Adam Teller
Keyword(s):  
Religious Violence ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The West ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Urbanized Region

This chapter details how the Polish nobility and the Jews fled from the Khmelnytsky uprising, which took many forms, depending on the circumstances. The uprising began in early 1648 with the fomenting of unrest in the Cossack heartland of Zaporizhia, particularly the region of the lower Dniepr River. The trouble soon spread to more northerly regions of left-bank Ukraine, causing panic among the Polish nobles settled there, who began to flee, calling for a military invasion to put an end to the unrest. This was not a very urbanized region, so formal Jewish communities were few and far between. Most of the Jews there lived as one- or two-family units in villages where they leased and ran taverns. As the violence began to take its toll, many of them decided to flee too, making for the larger and well-fortified towns to the west of the Dniepr River. The chapter then recounts the “ethnic cleansing” and religious violence the Jews faced.

Last Jewish Writings, 1915–1918

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick C. Beiser
Keyword(s):  
Western World ◽  
The West ◽  
Rational Form ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Special Obligation ◽  
Moral Content ◽  
The Many ◽  
At Home

The Jewish writings of these final years develop themes of the earlier years. Cohen continues to explore one of his favorite topics: the affinity of German and Jewish character. Despite his cosmopolitan conception of Judaism, Cohen still thought that the Jews were most at home in Germany. Yet, despite his belief in the special affinity between Germans and Jews, Cohen still shows his cosmopolitanism by his sympathy for the Ostjuden; he maintains that they should be freed from the many immigration controls imposed on them. Cohen continues to worry about the growing weakening of Jewish communities in Germany, and argues, as Socrates did in the Crito, that people have a special obligation to stay within the communities which nurtured them. In a remarkable 1916 lecture on Plato and the prophets Cohen argues that they are the two major ethical voices in the Western world: Plato gave the West a rational form while the prophets gave it moral content. Cohen now reduces his earlier striving for a unity of religions down to the demand for a unity of conscience.

Religion and International Crimes

2019 ◽  
pp. 192-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Nanninga
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Religious Violence ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter introduces insights from the field of religious studies to research on perpetrators in order to examine the relationship between religion and international crimes. To this end, the chapter focuses on the case of the Islamic State, and particularly its crimes against the Iraqi Yazidi community and its attacks in the West. Based on primary sources, it argues that religion plays a primary role in the perpetrators self-understandings, serving as a significant framework through which they shape, justify, and give meaning to their violence. However, the chapter also demonstrates that religion cannot be consistently distinguished from non-religious or secular aspects of violence. Therefore, it argues, attributing a particular role to religion in explaining international crimes is inconsistent, and distinguishing between ‘religious violence’ and its secular counterpart not very helpful. Based on these observations, the chapter concludes by providing suggestions for future research on the topic.

Syria civil war will lead to 'soft' partition

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
External Influence ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Group ◽  
Partition Process ◽  
Soft Partition

Significance As the United States, Russia and other international powers attempt to broker a resolution to Syria's war, federalism or partition have been mooted repeatedly as a solution to the intractable conflict. Yet a critical mass of Syrian actors reject any sort of political decentralisation, and are instead committed to fighting for total victory over all of Syria. Impacts The de facto partition process under way is likely to see further sectarian and ethnic cleansing. Regime areas in the west will be the most viable economically, while Kurdish and Islamic State group areas in the east will be poorer. The new sub-state areas will be highly vulnerable to external influence and regional geopolitics. As a result, the risk of Syria sparking a wider regional crisis will remain high.

The Aramaic Bible in the East

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Philip S. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
The West ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ready Access

Abstract This article challenges the assumption that insofar as the Jewish communities of Babylonia were a ‘people of the book’, their book was a Hebrew Bible. Functionally the Bible that most people would have known was the Aramaic Targum of Onqelos and Jonathan. The Bible’s content—its law, narrative, and prophecy—was culturally mediated through Aramaic. Even in Rabbinic communities, where some had competence in Hebrew that gave them ready access to the original, the lack of formal and systematic study of Miqra may have made the Targum the tradition of first resort for understanding the Hebrew. The situation in the Aramaic-speaking east may not, then, have been all that different from the west, where a Greek Bible shaped the religious identity of the Greek-speaking Jewish communities. This essay is offered as a contribution to the neglected study of the role of Bible translation in the history of Judaism.

The Anniversary Year of 1971 and the Dawn of Détente

2021 ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
Tina Frühauf
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Local Production ◽  
The West ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
East Berlin ◽  
Cultural Events ◽  
High Plateau ◽  
West Berlin ◽  
Broad Variety

In 1971 the Jewish communities of East and West Berlin celebrated their three-hundredth anniversary. The anniversary year coincided with a juncture during which the two halves of the divided city sought greater proximity and thus was framed by noteworthy political and cultural events. East Berlin’s anniversary celebrations were intertwined with two commemorations. These publicly and very visibly perpetuated the image of Jews as victims of fascism. In parallel, East Berlin saw the premiere of the long-awaited local production of Fiddler on the Roof. On the other side of the Wall, the Jewish community had reached a comfortable and high plateau with regular cultural events in its community center. It offered an ever-expanding cultural program, with a broad variety of concerts and recitals. In clear contrast to East Berlin, the West Berlin community offered a rich array of anniversary events that displayed the community’s alliance with Israel, the United States, and West Germany.

Struggling for Equality, Freedom, and Peace, 1966–1979

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-110
Author(s):  
R. Keith Schoppa
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Religious Violence ◽  
The West ◽  
East Central ◽  
The Revolution

The title of this chapter points to three objectives fought for in this period: equality, freedom, and peace. Among those seeking equality were women and those whose sexual identity was LGBTQ. As the Mexico City meeting showed, women were not of one mind about what issues they should focus on. Those seeking peace were the big “losers.” The 1970s was the context for three genocides. In 1971, the West Pakistan military put East Pakistanis under the gun. Killed by West Pakistani Muslims were 300,000 to 3 million East Pakistanis (many Hindus). The genocide’s basis was nationalism and religious violence. Those raped totaled 200,000 to 300,000. In an ethnic struggle in east-central Africa in 1972, the ethnic Tutsis killed 80,000 to 210,000 Hutus. Then in Cambodia (renamed Kampuchea) from 1975 to 1979, Cambodians slaughtered 2 million of their fellow Cambodians (25% of the population). The slaughtered had followed Western ways and culture before the revolution.

Niger

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Schneider ◽  
Vanessa Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Written Language ◽  
West African ◽  
Religious Violence ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The West ◽  
State Collapse ◽  
The Republic ◽  
National Languages

The Republic of Niger is a landlocked country found in West Africa. It is bordered by Libya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Algeria. Its location places it in a turbulent region rife with political and religious violence, separatist and armed movements, intercommunal violence, and state collapse. Niger is over 1 million square kilometres (km) making it the largest country in West Africa and sixth largest in Africa. Its population in 2017 was estimated to be 21.5 million. Over 80 per cent of the land area lies in the Sahara Desert. Most people, around three-quarters of the population, live in the southern part of the country (around 12 per cent of the land area) where agriculture is possible. The capital and largest city, Niamey, has over 1 million inhabitants. Other important cities are: Agadez, Arlit, Tillabéry, Dosso, Tahoua, Maradi, Zinder, and Diffa. The population is, however, mainly rural with only 18 per cent of the population living in urban areas. The currency used is the West African franc (CFA). The official language is French and there are ten national languages. Before the courts, French is the admissible written language. Sentences are rendered in French.

Islamic Democracy by Numbers

2017 ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Zaheer Kazmi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Violence ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Muslim Scholars

This chapter focuses on the ideological uses of the concept of al wasatiyya, as a means of propagating moderation, by prominent contemporary Muslim scholars engaged in countering extremism. It focuses on the ways in which, through the idea of the “middle way”, a particular theology combines with a majoritarian narrative of Islamic history, politics and civilization to produce a potent synthetic ideology which often serves to exclude, anathematize or marginalize. While it has become a commonplace among liberals to debate the fluid interpretations of Islamic concepts which legitimize violence, less attention, if any, has been given to the equally unstable categories associated with antidotes to religious violence. By deploying the majoritarian dimensions of a concept like “the middle way”, leading scholars today expose the multivalent and volatile nature of theological categories associated with countering extremism. Perhaps, most significantly, it points to some of the limits encountered in searching for correspondence between Islam and the West by way of such categories.

Syrian Jewry in Transition, 1840-1880

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaron Harel
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The West ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
European Jewish ◽  
Jewish Emigration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Traditional Economy ◽  
Opening Up

The Ottoman reforms of the mid-nineteenth century accelerated the process of opening up Syria to European travellers and traders, and gave Syria's Jews access to European Jewish communities. The resulting influx of Western ideas led to a decline in the traditional economy. It also allowed for the introduction of Western education, influenced the structure and the administration of Jewish society in Syria, and changed the balance of the relationship between Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Initially Syria's Jewish communities flourished in these new circumstances, but there was a developing recognition that their future lay overseas. After the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the bankruptcy of the Ottoman Empire in 1875, and the suspension of the Ottoman constitution in 1878, this feeling intensified. A process of decline set in that ultimately culminated in large-scale Jewish emigration. Thereon, the future for Syrian Jews lay in the West, not the East. This book covers Jewish community life, the legal status of Jews in Syria, their relationship with their Muslim and Christian neighbours, and their links with the West. It draws on a range of archival material in six languages, including Jewish, Christian Arab, and Muslim Arab sources, Ottoman and European documents, consular reports, travel accounts, and reports from the contemporary press and by emissaries to Syria of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Rabbinic sources are particularly important in opening a window onto Syrian Jewish life and concerns. Together these sources bring to light an enormous amount of material and provide a broad, multifaceted perspective on the Syrian Jewish community.

A DISPUTA SOBRE OS LIMITES ENTRE GUIANA FRANCESA E PORTUGUESA (1801-1817)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN CWIK
Keyword(s):  
French Guiana ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
The West ◽  
La Paz ◽  
The North ◽  
Compensation Payment ◽  
Northern Cape ◽  
Portuguese Colonialism ◽  
First Time

O território do posterior estado de Amapá, pela primeira vez, foi delimitado pelos rá­os Oiapoque ao norte e o rio Paru ao ocidente, passando pelo Jari. No final do século XVII, novos ataques franceses ameaçaram a capitania hereditária de Cabo do Norte. O primeiro Tratado de Utrecht de 1713 obteve a completa renúncia francesa á s possessões na margem esquerda do rio Amazonas, no Estado do Maranhão. A nova linha divisória de Utrecht ficou controvertida até a paz de Viena em 1815. Para pagar uma indenização de guerra das laranjas á  França, Portugal reclamou pagamento de compensação e também o regulamento das fronteiras entre as Guianas. Em 1809, as tropas portuguesas ocuparam a Guiana Francesa e governaram a colônia até 1817. No Congreso de Viena, actas finales (Artigo 107) de 9 de junho de 1815, Portugal se compromete a restituir á  França a Guiana Francesa até o rio Oiapoque.Palavras-chave: Colonialismo Francês. Colonialismo Português. Guerras Napoleônicas. Invasão Portuguesa. Congresso de Viena 1814/15.  THE BORDER CONFLICT BETWEEN FRENCH GUIANA AND PORTUGUESE GUIANA (1801-1817) Abstract: The territory of the Brazilian state of Amapá was bounded for the first time by the rivers Oiapoque in the north, the Paru in the west, passing by the Jari. In the late XVIIth century, new French attacks threatened the hereditary captaincy of the Northern Cape. The first Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 included the full French renunciation of possessions on the left bank of the Amazon River in the state of Maranhão. The new dividing line of Utrecht was controversial until the Peace of Vienna in 1815. To pay compensation due to the War of the Oranges to France, Portugal demanded compensation payment and also the regulation of boundaries between the Guyanas. In 1809 Portuguese troops occupied French Guiana and rulled in the colony until 1817. At the Congress of Vienna, finales proceedings (Article 107) from June 9, 1815, Portugal agreed to give French Guiana back to France up until the Oiapoque river. Keywords: French Colonialism. Portuguese Colonialism. Napoleonic Wars. Portugues Invasion. Congress of Vienna 1814/15.  LA DISPUTA SOBRE LOS LáMITES ENTRE GUAYANA FRANCESA Y PORTUGUESA (1801-1817)Resumen: El territorio del estado brasileño de Amapá fue delimitada por primera vez por los rá­os Oiapoque al norte, el Paru al oeste, pasando   por el Jari. A finales del siglo XVII, los nuevos ataques franceses amenazaron la capitaná­a hereditaria del Cabo Norte. El primer tratado de Utrecht de 1713 obtuvo   la renuncia   francesa   a las posesiones en la orilla izquierda del rá­o Amazonas en el   Estado de Maranhão. La nueva lá­nea divisoria de Utrecht fue controvertida hasta la   paz de Viena en 1815. Para pagar una indemnización debido a la Guerra de las Naranjas a Francia,   Portugal exigió el pago de indemnización y también el reglamento de los lá­mites entre las Guyanas. En 1809 las tropas portuguesas ocuparon la Guayana Francesa y rigieron la colonia hasta 1817. En el Congreso de Viena, actas finales (artá­culo 107), de 9 de junio de 1815, Portugal se compromete restituir Francia a Guayana Francesa hasta el rá­o Oiapoque.Palabras clave: Colonialismo francés. Colonialismo portugués. Guerras napoleónicas. Invasión portuguesa. Congreso de Viena 1814/1815.  

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