Reaping the Dividends of Globalization: A Winning Road Map

2019 ◽  
pp. 254-309
Author(s):  
Justin Yifu Lin ◽  
Célestin Monga
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Economic Zones

This chapter analyzes the conditions needed to design and implement successful special economic zones and industrial parks. It discusses long-term trends and fundamental issues in global trade since trade is the main source of growth for low-income countries that have limited domestic demand. In recent years the story of global trade has often been presented by some economists and development experts as a cause for concern on the export-led growth model that made possible the so-called Asian Miracle that is no longer available for poor countries in Africa or South Asia. But statistics appear to show a turning tide: the value of world merchandise exports rose from $2.03 trillion in 1980 to $18.26 trillion in 2011, equivalent to 7.3 percent growth per year on average in current dollar terms according to WTO trade statistics. But from 2012 to 2014, world trade growth averaged only 2.2 percent, well below the average for the proceeding 20-year period. This has raised the question whether the same shaping factors that have given rise to today's global trade system are likely to continue in the medium and long term.

Long-term Supply-side Macro Models of Potential Growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-76
Author(s):  
Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Endogenous Growth Models

This chapter presents empirical data on long-term trends in growth and income inequalitybefore discussing the nature, main features, and immediate and underlying determinants of long-term growth. It reviews the origins of income differences among world citizens by making reference to colonial history, pre-existing feudal institutions in low-income countries, and differences in growth rates between developed and developing countries. It subsequently presents the long-term growth models developed for the industrialized countries, including the Harrod–Domar model, the neoclassical exogenous growth models of Solow and Mankiw–Romer–Weil, the endogenous growth models of Romer and Aghion–Howitt, and the Unified Growth Theory. It provides also a brief comparison of the main features and dynamic properties of each model.

scholarly journals Integrated photothermal decontamination device for N95 respirators

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Muñoz ◽  
Maxime Comtois-Bona ◽  
David Cortes ◽  
Cagla Eren Cimenci ◽  
Qiujiang Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Photothermal Treatment ◽  
Mild Temperature ◽  
N95 Respirators ◽  
Uv C

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the COVID-19 global pandemic has infected over 25 million people worldwide and resulted in the death of millions. The COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) in many regions around the world, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. The shortages of PPE, such as N95 respirators, is something that will persist until an effective vaccine is made available. Thus, devices that while being easy to operate can also be rapidly deployed in health centers, and long-term residences without the need for major structural overhaul are instrumental to sustainably use N95 respirators. In this report, we present the design and validation of a decontamination device that combines UV-C & B irradiation with mild-temperature treatment. The device can decontaminate up to 20 masks in a cycle of < 30 min. The decontamination process did not damage or reduce the filtering capacity of the masks. Further, the efficacy of the device to eliminate microbes and viruses from the masks was also evaluated. The photothermal treatment of our device was capable of eradicating > 99.9999% of the bacteria and > 99.99% of the virus tested.

scholarly journals Somalia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Debt Sustainability ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ◽  
Hipc Initiative

This paper presents an assessment of Somalia’s eligibility for assistance under the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative. The macroeconomic framework reflects the policy framework underlying the proposed three-year Fund-supported program. The debt relief analysis (DRA) remains largely unchanged, but some of the underlying debt data has been updated to reflect new information from creditors. In addition, this paper presents an assessment of debt management capacity in Somalia and a full Debt Sustainability Analysis under the Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries. The DRA reveals that, after traditional debt relief mechanisms are applied, Somalia’s debt burden expressed as the net present value of debt-to-exports ratio is 344.2 percent at the end of December 2018—significantly above the HIPC Initiative threshold. Despite the challenging environment, progress on reform and policy implementation has been good and sustained reforms have translated into economic results. In addition to the coordinated support from the World Bank and the IMF, reforms have been supported by other development partners.

The Global Fish Market: Internationalization and Globalization, 1880-1997

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poul Holm
Keyword(s):  
Global Market ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Western Nations ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
The Way

This chapter attempts to determine how globalisation and internationalisation affected the fishing industry, and which members of the global market profited and which suffered due to these developments. The author considers the long-term trends in production and markets; trawling and transport revolutions; worldwide exploitation of fish stocks; territorialisation; and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), and the way these factors affected Eastern and Western nations differently.

A New Development Opportunity Confronts Old Paradigms

2011 ◽  
pp. 171-198
Author(s):  
Peter A. Kwaku Kyem
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Technological Gap ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Ict For Development

There is a considerable debate about how the technological gap between rich and poor countries of the world can be bridged or eliminated. Technological optimists argue that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can bring accelerated development to poor countries. Others question the viability of relying on ICT for development in low income countries. The ensuing debate has masked the digital divide problem and prevented a true discussion of how ICT can be deployed for the benefit of low income countries. On the otherhand, confronted with the persistent failures of one-size-fits-all economic development models, low income countries can no longer treat modernization as the pivot towards which all ICT-related development efforts must gravitate. There is a need to drop the singular vision of development which is premised on the experiences of Western developed nations and rather restore local actors and their cultures into the actual roles they play in development processes that occur within localities. Accordingly, this chapter reviews the perspectives that currently shape the ICT for development discourse and offers the multiplicity theory to bridge the gap in development theory and promote a development strategy which incorporates activities of both local and global actors in the development of localities.

scholarly journals Position of Scientific Oncological Societies Towards Biosimilar Antibodies

Breast Care ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Wörmann ◽  
Marianne Sinn
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Informed Consent Process ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Careful Documentation

First biosimilars of monoclonal antibodies have recently been approved in oncology. Biosimilars enable economic competition, alleviate the financial burden for insurances, and may facilitate access to these drugs in low-income countries. Biosimilars are not completely identical to the original drug. The approval of biosimilars is only partially based on results of randomized clinical studies. In the introduction phase of new biosimilars, this can lead to uncertainties for patients and physicians. Based on the current clinical data and experiences, biosimilars of monoclonal antibodies in oncology show no significant differences in pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in comparison to the patented originals. Scientific medical societies recommend the use of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies and support switching in long-term treatments. However, the use of biosimilars for off-label indications requires additional attention towards efficacy and safety. Active counselling of the patient by the treating physician is the most important step in the informed consent process, especially when switching from an original to a biosimilar. Careful documentation of the prescribed drug and enhanced pharmacovigilance are recommended for the use of biosimilars.

scholarly journals Therapies Out of Reach: Anticancer Drugs and Global Trade Regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-387
Author(s):  
Dwaipayan Banerjee ◽  
James Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Price ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policy Analysts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation

Medical policy analysts and oncologists have cautioned against the high price of anticancer drugs. They argue that the current drug development model that relies on patents and short-term shareholder value is proving unsustainable, since the cost of the new generation of drugs puts many of them out of reach for the average consumer. The high price of cancer drugs is especially troubling in the context of middle- and low-income countries, where the burden of cancer carries disproportionate impact. To analyse the pricing of anticancer drugs, we examined legal controversies, regulatory treaties and documents, as well as the history of pricing data in India. We also conducted interviews with policy consultants and surveyed financial data filings of major global and Indian pharmaceutical corporations. Our research revealed that global trade agreements have become key barriers to lowering anticancer drug prices. This article argues that in the shadow of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and with Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) imminent, serious policy changes are necessary to ensure the survival of generic production in the market for anticancer drugs.

Staff Guidance Note on the Application of the Joint Fund-Bank Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries

Policy Papers ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Bank Debt ◽  
Debt Sustainability ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Guidance Note ◽  
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Sustainability Framework

The objective of the joint Fund-Bank debt sustainability framework for low-income countries is to support LICs in their efforts to achieve their development goals without creating future debt problems. Countries that have received debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) need to be kept on a sustainable track. Under the framework, country DSAs are prepared jointly by Bank and Fund staff, with close collaboration between the two staffs on the design of the macroeconomic baseline, alternative scenarios, the debt distress rating, and the drafting of the write-up.

scholarly journals Reversible Long Term Contraceptives Utilization among Married Women of Reproductive Age Group in Areka Town, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samson Kastro Dake ◽  
Temesgen Lera Abiso
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

BACKGROUND፡ In low income countries, bearing many children is the main factor affecting maternal health. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of reversible long term contraceptives utilization and identify factors associated with it among married women of child bearing age in Areka District in South EthiopiaMETHODS: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey involving systematically recruited 346 married women of reproductive age group. Data was collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire on May 2019. We used SPSS version 25 for data entry and analyses. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to select exposure variables with crude association. Multivariate analysis was done to control for potential confounders and identify predictors of the outcome. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI)was reported, and statistical significance was declared at p<0.05.RESULTS: The prevalence of reversible long term contraceptives utilization among married women of reproductive age group was 134(38.7%). Utilization of Reversible Long Term Contraceptives (RLTCs) was positively associated with being protestant Christian religion follower, advanced educational status, history of abortion, and having a better attitude towards reversible long term contraceptives. In other words, being housewife, being daily laborer, having no radio in the household and making fertility decisions alone were negatively associated.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of RLTCs in the study area was high. Women should be empowered educationally through other alternative opportunities to formal school. In addition to electronic media, different community events and community conversations should be used to convey messages on contraceptives particularly RLTCs. Behavioral change communications would benefit women in shaping their attitudestowards RLTCs.

scholarly journals Is physiotherapy an underused approach to prevent surgery in selective musculoskeletal disorders?

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-413
Author(s):  
Junaid Amin ◽  
Sameer Gohir ◽  
Umer Qaiser ◽  
Ammar A Siddiqui ◽  
Freah Alshammary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Physiotherapy Intervention ◽  
Musculoskeletal Problems ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: The purpose of the literature review was to appraise the evidence that an early physiotherapy intervention helps to prevent the surgery in selective musculoskeletal disorders. A search of Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed was carried out utilizing the terms (“physiotherapy”, “surgery” OR “exercise, surgery” OR “rehabilitation”, “surgery”). Methods: The article titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility and included in the review. The recent literature evidently emphasized that physiotherapy has opted in selective musculoskeletal problems to avoid and delay surgeries. Results: Regardless of recommended conservative treatment option and effectiveness of physiotherapy, a massive gap can be observed between its evidence and practice. Conversely, overuse of diagnostic imaging, surgeries, and medications is present in clinical practice. In most of the clinical problems the long-term outcomes were reported the same with surgical and physiotherapy intervention. Likewise, patients can also get the advantage of better clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness with physiotherapy as compared to surgical intervention. Conclusion: The cost-effectiveness is an important factor in low-income countries where economic aspects of health care are highly considered. These advantages of physiotherapy should be considered by the clinicians, policymakers, patients, and included in the clinical guidelines. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.409-413

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