Mind

On Purpose ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 166-194
Author(s):  
Michael Ruse
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
William James ◽  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Established Church

This chapter focuses on the writer Thomas Hardy who was raised a good Christian, a member of the established church. Then he read The Origin of Species and it all came crashing down. His poem “Hap,” written in 1866, tells it all, implying that God does not exist but that with his going, humans lose all meaning to life. The chapter also discusses crucial issues about how philosophers handled mind and meaning, about knowledge and morality. Not just the nonexistence of God— agnosticism or atheism pretty much became the norm in the profession—but the lack of meaning. The American pragmatists rode with things pretty well. Whether this was part of the general, late-nineteenth-century American vigor and rise to prominence and power, they found the challenge of Darwinism stimulating and thought provoking. For someone like William James, the struggle for existence and natural selection translated readily into a theory of knowledge—ideas fight it out just as organisms fight it out.

The Bible and Creationism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Trollinger ◽  
William Vance Trollinger
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Organic Evolution ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Young Earth Creationism ◽  
Conservative Protestants ◽  
Over Time

Biblical creationism emerged in the late nineteenth century among conservative Protestants who were unable to square a plain, commonsensical, “literal” reading of the Bible with Charles Darwin’s theory of organic evolution. As this chapter details, over time a variety of increasingly literal “creationisms” have emerged. For the first century after Origin of Species (1859), old Earth creationism—which accepted mainstream geology—held sway. But with the 1961 publication of The Genesis Flood—Noah’s flood explains the geological strata—young Earth creationism took center stage. Waiting in the wings, however, is a geocentric creationism that rejects mainstream biology, geology, and cosmology.

Anglican Clergy Responses to Jewish Migration in late Nineteenth-Century London

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 259-273
Author(s):  
W. M. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
Jewish Migration ◽  
Spiritual Well Being ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Established Church

When, yearly, on Good Friday, Church of England clergymen prayed:‘Have mercy upon all Jews, Turks, Infidels and Hereticks, and take from them all ignorance, hardness of heart and contempt of thy Word: and so fetch them home blessed Lord, to thy flock, that they may be saved among the remnant of the Israelites’, 99.9 per cent of them in the late nineteenth century had little expectation of encountering a Jew, Turk or Infidel. This paper seeks to explore how the few Church of England clergy in London who in the 1890s did have a significant presence of Jews in their parishes responded as ministers of the established Church, with a charge to be responsible for the spiritual well-being of all the inhabitants of their parishes, including the call to save the Jews ‘among the remnant of the Israelites’.

scholarly journals Semblanza absolutamente exacta: mapas y medios en Borges y Royce

post(s) ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 134-153
Author(s):  
John Peters ◽  
Hugo Burgos
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
William James ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fellow Traveler ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Josiah Royce ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Universe

Josiah Royce, the American idealist philosopher (1855-1916), is best known to readers of Borges in connection with a recursive map-within-a-map drawn upon the soil of England. Indeed, Borges ranks ​​"el mapa de Royce" side-by-side with his beloved Zeno´´´ s  paradox in “Otro poema de los dones” (336), a Whitmanesque catalog of a few of his favorite things. Borges appreciated Royce as a fellow-wanderer through the late nineteenth-century thickets of both Anglo-American idealism and the new mathematics of transfinite numbers. Royce was not so much an influence on Borges as a fellow traveler who had arrived in a somewhat similar place after passing through Berkeley, Schopenhauer, and Cantor. After cataloging connections between the two thinkers and explicating Royce's map, I will suggest that both figures are theorists of infinity and metaphysicians of the copy who offer fertile suggestions to our understanding of media in general and maps in particular. Though Royce and Borges both can strike some readers as architects of suffocating idealistic structures, there is a difference. Royce thinks his figures of infinity really do disclose the truth about the universe. Borges sees in such figures the paradoxes and slippages involved in any project of perfect duplication, and his skepticism about philosophical representation is designed, ultimately, to provide oxygen and exit from totalitarian systems. In this I would view Borges as a follower of Royce's close friend, Harvard colleague and philosophical antagonist: William James.  

The Act or Process of Dying Out: The Importance of Darwinian Extinction in Argentine Culture

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Novoa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Process Variation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Intellectual Elites

ArgumentThe spread of Darwinian ideas by the late nineteenth century in Argentina transformed the intellectual elites' notion of progress and civilization. While before Darwin, union, harmony, and assimilation were the ideas most commonly associated with the civilizatory process; variation, struggle, and divergence dominated the post-Darwin discussion. More importantly, unlike in Europe, in Argentina the theory not only triggered interest in the process of speciation, but also its relationship with extinction. Extinction became the benchmark of progress, and the sign of success for the nation. If the country was civilizing itself, the “natural” elimination of inferior individuals, unfit for the struggle for existence, had to be proved and displayed. The origin of modernity was here associated with the existence of evolutionary waste that revealed the work of natural selection on behalf of national improvement.

The Jungle Books: Rudyard Kipling's Lamarckian Fantasy

PMLA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen MacDuffie
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Racial Difference ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Evolutionary Scheme ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Inheritance Of Acquired Characteristics ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Scholars have long described Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Books as a Darwinian narrative. Overlooked, however, is the way in which the text explicitly discusses Lamarckian evolutionary ideas, especially the inheritance of acquired characteristics. This essay contextualizes Mowgli's narrative within a fierce late-nineteenth-century debate about whether the Darwinian theory of natural selection or Lamarckian use inheritance was the main driver of evolutionary change. Kipling describes his protagonist's maturation to “Master of the Jungle” in thoroughly Lamarckian terms, as an evolutionary process propelled by experience, effort, and conscious adaptation. But some of the conceptual incoherence that troubled the Lamarckian evolutionary scheme when it was applied to human racial difference also troubles Kipling's account of Mowgli's genetic past and the evolutionary issue of his experiences.

Suppression, attention, and effort: A proposed enhancement for a promising theory

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
David A. Schwartz ◽  
J. Eric Ivancich ◽  
Stephen Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
William James ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Although Glenberg's theory benefits from the incorporation of a suppression concept, a more differentiated view of suppression would be even more effective. We propose such a concept (based on the attention framework first developed by William James in the late nineteenth century), showing how it accounts for phenomena that Glenberg describes and also for phenomena that he ignores.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
William James ◽  
Henri Bergson ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Relationship

The Introduction begins by arguing for the significance of psychology as part of Mansfield’s intellectual background, noting her description of a story as a ‘psychological study’ in 1908, well in advance of her likely knowledge of Freud and probably with reference to the wider network of late nineteenth century psychology. This rapidly growing discipline generated widespread public interest in the question of mind and the relationship between consciousness and sensation and, in consequence, several contributors to this volume argue for convergences between Mansfield’s fiction and the work of psychologists such as William James, Henri Bergson and Théodule Ribot. Having positioned Mansfield in relation to psychology the Introduction goes on to map the diverse ways in which the contributors to this volume mobilise psychoanalysis for readings of Mansfield’s work.

Concepts of Emotions in Modern Philosophy and Psychology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Deigh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
William James ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Conceptual Changes ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Until the late nineteenth century the classical empiricist concept of emotions dominated modern philosophy and psychology. The work of William James and Sigmund Freud rendered this concept obsolete and gave rise to the concepts that now prevail in philosophy and psychology. This essay explains the conceptual changes in the theory of emotion that James and Freud brought about and then critically examines the concepts of emotion to which their work gave rise and that now prevail in philosophy and psychology. The examination focuses on the concepts central to cognitivist theories of emotion that take emotions to be or to contain essentially judgments, cognitivist theories that take emotions to be or to contain essentially perceptions, affective theories that take emotions to be information bearing feelings, and theories that take the intentionality of emotions to have an essentially affective character.

scholarly journals Husserl’s Early Concept of Metaphysics As the Ultimate Science of Reality

Phainomenon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-68
Author(s):  
Emiliano Trizio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
German Philosophy ◽  
Preliminary Step ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract This article reconstructs the development of Husserl’s definition of metaphysics as the ultimate science of reality in the courses and lectures written up to the year 1905. The analysis of these texts casts light on Husserl’s philosophical self-understanding in the wider context of late Nineteenth Century German philosophy as well as on the fundamental role that metaphysical interests played in the development of his thought from its earliest stage. A particular attention is devoted to Husserl’s early views about the relation between the theory of knowledge and metaphysics, whose analysis is a necessary preliminary step to address the theoretical issue of the relation between transcendental phenomenology and metaphysics.

scholarly journals The Idea of Science of Brazilian Physiologist Miguel Ozório de Almeida (1890-1953)

2017 ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Letícia Pumar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
William James ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Henri Poincaré ◽  
Work Production ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Scientific Debates

Epistemological considerations of philosophers and scientists from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century guided Brazilian physiologist Miguel Ozório de Almeida (1890-1953) in formulating his researches and participating in national and international scientific debates. With his siblings, Álvaro Ozório de Almeida and Branca de Almeida Fialho, he participated in debates on Brazilian educational and scientific system’s reform and in international organizations. The family’s residence in Rio de Janeiro housed a laboratory that became a reference in experimental physiology researches in Brazil. This article aims to present Miguel Ozório de Almeida’s conception of science, constructed mainly within the private laboratory’s sociability, providing new aspects of scientific work production in Brazil in the early twentieth century. I argue that Ozório de Almeida’s stand as an internationalist physiologist in national and international contexts was related to his reading of texts by Ernest Mach, Pierre Duhem, Henri Poincaré and William James.

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