scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF LANGUAGE (NON) TRANSMISSION IN SIBERIAN SETO COMMUNITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Татьяна Борисовна Агранат
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Estonian Language

В статье речь идет о потомках носителей идиома сето, переселившихся по аграрной реформе Столыпина из западной части Российской империи в Сибирь. По материалам экспедиций в населенные пункты в Красноярском крае, где в настоящее время еще компактно проживают сето, исследуется сохранность идиома, делаются выводы о некоторых причинах утраты языка. Констатируются позитивные моменты: высокая языковая лояльность, удивительная сохранность при длительных контактах не только с русским, но и с близкородственным эстонским языком. Описываются нетривиальные особенности языковой трансмиссии, уделяется внимание двум факторам, повлиявшим на (не)передачу языка. Во-первых, это «монополия» бабушек на передачу языка молодому поколению. Традиционно воспитанием детей в сообществе сибирских сето занимаются бабушки, поскольку они, в отличие от родителей, уже не заняты в производстве. В настоящий момент лучше всех сохраняют язык те, кого воспитывали бабушки. Часто бывает так, что младшие сиблинги, уже не заставшие бабушек, языка не знают, в то время как старшие — хорошо владеют языком. В таких случаях родители, в свое время получившие язык от своих бабушек, общаются со старшими детьми на сето, а младшие не могут поддержать разговор, хотя понимают и отвечают по русски. Еще один фактор, освещенный в статье, — концентрация носителей. Показаны три случая, выявленные в ходе социолингвистического обследования автора, где переменная концентрации носителей оказалась релевантной на уровне меньшем, чем локальный, в терминах (Grenoble & Whaley, 1998). Оказалось, что внутри даже совсем небольшого населенного пункта может быть разная концентрация носителей идиома в разных концах, что, в свою очередь, влечет за собой различия в усвоении языков детьми в дошкольном возрасте. В совсем маленьком населенном пункте появление критической массы не говорящих на сето стало причиной его вытеснения из сферы домашнего общения и, как следствие, полного исчезновения. The article deals with the descendants of the speakers of the Seto idiom who moved from the western part of the Russian Empire to Siberia during Stolypin's agrarian reform. Based on the materials of expeditions to settlements in the Krasnoyarsk territory, where the Setos still live compactly, the preservation of the idiom is investigated, conclusions are drawn about some of the reasons for the loss of the language. Positive aspects are stated, such as high language loyalty, amazing safety during long-term contacts not only with Russian, but also with the closely related Estonian language. Nontrivial features of language transmission are described, attention is paid to two factors that influenced the language (non) transmission. First, it is the “monopoly” of grandmothers on the transfer of the language to the younger generation. Traditionally, grandmothers are engaged in raising children in the Siberian Seto community, since, unlike their parents, they are no longer engaged in production. At the moment, those who were brought up by their grandmothers preserve the language best of all. It often happens that the younger siblings, who have not found their grandmothers, do not know the language, while the older ones have a good command of the language. In such cases, parents who once received the language from their grandmothers communicate with older children in Seto, and the younger ones cannot support the conversation, although they understand and answer in Russian. Another factor highlighted in the article is the concentration of speakers. Three cases identified during the author's sociolinguistic survey are shown, in which the variable of speakers concentration turned out to be relevant at a level lower than the local one, in terms of (Grenoble & Whaley 1998). It turned out that even within a very small settlement there may be a different concentration of native speakers of the idiom in different parts, which, in turn, entails differences in the acquisition of languages by children at preschool age. In a very small settlement, the appearance of a critical mass of non-Seto speakers caused the displacement of the idiom from the sphere of home communication and, as a result, its complete disappearance.

INSTITUTE OF TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Komiljonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Jury System ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment

The article examines the Genesis of the institution of jury trial in the Russian Empire from the moment of its introduction to the end of the Provisional government. It is noted that the emergence of a trial with the participation of jurors was influenced by Western models of the judicial process, and the forms of participation of citizens in the administration of justice that previously existed on the territory of the Russian state were taken into account. The role that the jury system has played with some success in the search for truth, justice, and the implementation of effective and independent justice in the past centuries is particularly highlighted.

scholarly journals Validation of the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised: A Preliminary Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Hirohito Tsuboi ◽  
Yui Takakura ◽  
Hiromasa Tsujiguchi ◽  
Sakae Miyagi ◽  
Keita Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Study Population

To make the Japanese version of the CESD-R—a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D)—in the assessment of depressive symptoms in a general population. The English version of CESD-R was translated into Japanese, and back-translated into English by three native speakers of Japanese and English; then, we selected the version most completely consistent with the original items. The CESD-R was applied to 398 community-dwelling people (191 men: 48.0%, and 207 women: 52.0%) who were over 40 years old. The Japanese version of the CES-D was also carried out in the same population. Factor analysis was performed. Additionally, the correlations between the CESD-R and CES-D results were identified. The CESD-R scores showed a significantly positive correlation with CES-D scores (r = 0.74, p < 0.0005). Analysis of the CESD-R yielded a Cronbach’s alpha result of 0.90. Factor analysis revealed one principal factor in the CESD-R, whereas the original CES-D had two factors because of reversed items. The Japanese version of the CESD-R appears to have the reliability to be applicable for assessing depressive symptoms in population-based samples. However, because the Japanese expressions for some items might be unusual, our study population was also limited; further studies on other populations and on incorporating improved Japanese terminology will be needed.

Analysis of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for Financial Literacy on Kids Application Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1004-1010
Author(s):  
Nurhanani Romli Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Technology Acceptance Model ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Technology Applications ◽  
Acceptance Model

Financial literacy was very important to be introduced since the early children. In Malaysia, the children began to start for formal education of the stage in preschool. This paper will discuss about the acceptance of technology as a method to teach that kids for financial literacy. With the development in technology at present, using of teaching based on technology was very important for all levels including children at preschool age. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was widely used in studies related to the use of technology applications in society. There are two factors variables that will test on this paper. The first one was perceived useful and the second one was easy to use. Quantitative method will be used to collect all of data. The questionnaire survey was distributed to a total of 136 respondents which it’s have been use the financial literacy application incorporated as a tools to teach the kids. Findings of the study indicate the importance of technology as a medium to teach kids regarding the financial literacy.

scholarly journals Foreign Body Aspiration in Infants and Older Children: A Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shorook Na’ara ◽  
Igor Vainer ◽  
Moran Amit ◽  
Arie Gordin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Foreign Body Aspiration ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Older Children ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Young Infants

Background: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. It is a preventable event that predominates in preschool age. The signs and symptoms mimic respiratory diseases common in the same age-group. We compared FBA in infants to FBA in older children. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all the cases of suspected FBA of children under the age of 18 years hospitalized at one medical center during 2002 to 2016. We analyzed the data according to age: up to 1 year (infants) and 1 to 18 years. Results: One hundred seventy-five children with suspected FBA were admitted; of whom, 27 (15%) were infants and 148 (85%) were older children (age 1-18 years). For the 2 age groups, adults witnessed 85% and 73%, respectively, of the incidents ( P = .4). In the neonate group, 48% presented with normal X-ray findings compared to only 20% in the older group; 15% of the older group had a positive chest X-ray for a foreign body, while none had such in the infants’ group ( P = .01). For the 2 age groups, the majority of the FBs found were from organic origin. About half of the patients were diagnosed and managed within 24 hours of the aspiration event. In 10%, repeated bronchoscopy was performed due to a retained FB remnant. In a multivariate analysis, signs and symptoms ( P < .05), location of the FB ( P < .001), and witnessed aspiration ( P < .001) were independent prognostic factors for the length of hospitalization. Conclusion: Foreign body aspiration is not uncommon in young infants; the management is challenging due to small airways, the need to use smaller bronchoscopes, and the lack of working channel forces in pediatric bronchoscopes.

scholarly journals Methodological Support of a Teacher in the Design of Educational Situations to Develop Interest in St. Petersburg among Older Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Alisa Valeryevna Salkova
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Age ◽  
Preschool Teacher ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Educational Situation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Relationship

The paper discusses the problem of organizing methodological support of educators in the project-ing the educational situations to develop interest in St. Petersburg among older children. An explanation of the concepts of “interest”, “pedagogical project-ing”, “projecting skills of a preschool teacher”, "ed-ucational situation" in relation to a preschool organ-ization is given. The matrix of projecting skills of a preschool teacher is presented. As a way of study-ing the professional readiness of a teacher, “case-situations”, in which the activity of a teacher to de-velop children’s interest in St. Petersburg is mod-eled, are proposed and substantiated. The study also identifies groups of teachers depending on the characteristics of projecting skills. Also, groups of teachers are identified depending on the assess-ment of their own readiness to projecting educa-tional situations to develop interest in St. Petersburg for older children. Individual and group difficulties of teachers in the projecting of educational situa-tions to develop interest in St. Petersburg in older children were identified. The content of the technol-ogy of projecting an educational situation for the development of interest in St. Petersburg among children of senior preschool age is described. The relationship between the use of the developed tech-nology and an increase in professional readiness for the projecting of educational situations for the de-velopment of interest in St. Petersburg in older chil-dren is considered.

scholarly journals Legal nihilism in resolving family conflicts of nobles and peasants of Russian Empire in the first third of XIX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
S. P. Volf ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Family Conflicts ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article highlights the ways of resolving family conflicts nobles and peasants in the first third of the XIX century in the Russian Empire, against the background of the ongoing systematization of legislation. Based on examination of the letters and memoirs of the nobles and peasants we highlighted the methods, which are actually used to solve family conflicts. I conclude that nobles and peasants rarely used help of the state in resolving family conflicts. The sphere of family relations was sacred for these estates; therefore, they did not rope the authorities into family conflicts. I have identified the following ways to resolve family conflicts: duel; marriage, often in the form of a secret wedding; going to the monastery and punishing the unfaithful wife; different approaches to raising children by peasants and nobles. The author of the article pays attention to passivity of the peasants in resolving their family conflicts. The results of the study allow exploring the alternative ways of resolving family conflicts based on representatives of other classes of Russian society in the first third of the 19th century (clergy, merchants, philistines, foreigners) as well, using wider range of sources (journalism, normative acts, fiction, paperwork). This analysis contributes to the discussion about the limits of the government intervention into family affairs. The author of the article redlines that people did not trust the law and resorted to the personally legitimate sources of dealing with family conflicts. This conclusion presents a new perspective in the discussion of legal nihilism and real application of the law in life

JUVENILE LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 917-926
Author(s):  
Krishna M. Saxena ◽  
John D. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Test ◽  
Lymphocytic Infiltration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Lymphocytic Thyroiditis ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Tsh Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Lymphocytic thyroiditis was the most common cause of nontoxic goiters in childhood, comprising about 40% of these and 20% of all goiters seen in our pediatric endocrine clinic. The diagnosis should be considered whenever a nontoxic goiter does not diminish significantly in size within about two weeks in response to thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) suppressive doses of USP thyroid. Observations on 32 children with lymphocytic thyroiditis have been recorded. The diagnosis was proven histologically in 23. In nine patients the diagnosis was presumptive. The condition occurred mostly in preadolescent girls as a slowly developing firm, diffuse, and smooth or nubbly goiter with or without symptoms of anxiety, nervousness and pressure in the neck. The majority of patients were euthyroid when first encountered, though examples both of mild hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were also seen. A high protein-bound iodine value, a large discrepancy between protein-bound iodine and butanol-extractable iodine, and positive tanned erythrocyte antibody test results provided the best diagnostic criteria apart from biopsy. The pathological picture is one of hyperplasia with lymphocytic infiltration and atrophy of thyroid follicles and epithelium. Treatment consisted in giving TSH suppressive doses of thyroid for a prolonged period. The results of treatment were not entirely satisfactory. Genetic predisposition, probably manifested in an abnormal cellular hypersensitivity, and excessive TSH stimulation of the thyroid seem for the moment the two factors in pathogenesis best supported by laboratory evidence.

scholarly journals Consumption of sugars, saturated fat, and sodium among US children from infancy through preschool age, NHANES 2009–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Dana Guglielmo ◽  
Jean A Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Saturated Fats ◽  
Sugary Beverages ◽  
Us Children

Abstract Background Expert guidelines advise that intake of added sugars (ASs), free sugars, and saturated fats be limited to <10% total energy (TE), and that children's sodium not exceed 1500–1900 mg, yet intake among many older children and adolecents exceeds these limits. Although research suggests young children's diets influence future eating patterns, little is known about the intake of these nutrients throughout early childhood. Objective The objective of this study was to describe intake and leading sources of sugars, saturated fats, and sodium among US children from infancy through preschool age. Design Cross-sectional data from the NHANES 2009–2014 were used to estimate 1) mean intake of sugars [%TE from ASs, naturally occurring sugars (NOSs), and free sugars], saturated fats (%TE), and sodium (milligrams), 2) the proportion exceeding recommended limits, and 3) the leading sources of these nutrients in the diets of US (nonbreastfeeding) children <5 y old (n = 3345). Sampling weights and procedures to account for the complex sampling design were used to estimate intake by age and to compare across race/ethnicity, sex, and income subgroups. Results Nonbreastfeeding children <5 y old consumed a mean ± SE %TE of 10.1% ± 0.2% from ASs, 13.9% ± 0.2% from free sugars, 12.8% ± 0.1% from saturated fats, and 1804 ± 26 mg Na . Sugary beverages (sugar-sweetened beverages + 100% juices) contributed 6.7% ± 0.2% TE, with consumption lowest among higher-income children. AS and sodium consumption rose rapidly from infancy to age 1–<2 y and gradually thereafter. Saturated fat intake was highest in infancy and decreased to a mean ± SE of 11.3% ± 0.3% TE among 4–<5-y-olds. Intake exceeded recommended limits for ASs, free sugars, saturated fats, and sodium for 45%, 63%, 72%, and 67% of all children, respectively. Conclusion The consumption of sugars, fats, and sodium exceeds recommended guidelines before many US children reach school age.

A Longitudinal Investigation of Speaking Rate in Preschool Children Who Stutter

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Dailey Hall ◽  
Ofer Amir ◽  
Ehud Yairi
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Rate Of Speech

Both clinical and theoretical interest in stuttering as a disorder of speech motor control has led to numerous investigations of speaking rate in people who stutter. The majority of these studies, however, has been conducted with adult and school-age groups. Most studies of preschoolers have included older children. Despite the ongoing theoretical and clinical focus on speaking rate in young children who stutter and their parents, no longitudinal or cross-sectional studies have been conducted to answer questions about the possible developmental link between stuttering and the rate of speech, or about differences in rate development between preschool children who stutter and normally fluent children. This investigation compared changes in articulatory rate over a period of 2 years in subgroups of preschool-age children who stutter and normally fluent children. Within the group of stuttering children, comparisons also were made between those who exhibited persistent stuttering and those who eventually recovered without intervention. Furthermore, the study compared two metrics of articulatory rate. Spontaneous speech samples, collected longitudinally over a 2-year period, were analyzed acoustically to determine speaking rate measured in number of syllables and phones per second. Results indicated no differences among the 3 groups when articulation rate was measured in syllables per second. Using the phones per second measure, however, significant group differences were found when comparing the control group to the recovered and persistent groups.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document