scholarly journals Burden of Malaria in three Endemic Districts of Bhutan: Road to Malaria Elimination

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Chhetri ◽  
Tobgyel Dukpa ◽  
Rinzin Namgay ◽  
Kesang Wangchuk ◽  
Hari Prasad Pokrel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Introduction: Bhutan is considered as a low endemic country for malaria. In the last decade, Bhutan has successfully reduced the number of malaria cases with the support from Global Fund and WHO. Sarpang, Samtse and Samdrup Jongkhar districts located in the Southern foothills of Bhutan records the most cases. Method: This retrospective study was undertaken with the available census record maintained in health centers of the three endemic districts and VDCP. Results: There were 892 confirmed malaria cases in 2009 and 41 cases in 2017 in three endemic districts. The slide positivity rate (SPR) declined from 2.2% in 2009 to 0.1% in 2017. The distribution of disease was significantly higher (p<0.05) amongst the male population with the increasing trend of Plasmodium vivax infection. The study found predominance of P. vivax in Samtse (93%), and Sarpang (62%) and Plasmodium falciparum in Samdrup Jongkhar (61%). The last four years (2014-2017) data showed that maximum cases detected were imported, followed by indigenous and introduced malaria; with 50%, 44% and 6%, respectively. The mortality and morbidity due to malaria has magnificently declined in the last decade. Conclusion: The large-scale implementation of vector control interventions, such as insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, free health care service and active vector surveillance has achieved a marked reduction in malaria incidence. Cross border malaria is still a huge challenge for elimination of malaria in Bhutan. Thus, imported malaria is an increasing problem due to high receptivity, and vulnerability.

scholarly journals Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Awine ◽  
Sheetal P Silal
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures in Ghana will require taking transmission dynamics of the disease into account given the influence of climate variability in the region of interest. The impact of preventative interventions on malaria incidence and the prospects of meeting program timelines in Ghana have been investigated using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones. Methods An ordinary non-linear differential equation model with its associated rate parameters was developed incorporating the transitions between various disease compartments for three ecological zones in Ghana. Model parameters were estimated using data captured on the District Health Information Management System in Ghana from 2008 to 2017.The impact of insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying on the incidence of malaria were simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone. To fit the model, Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach was adopted. Results Increasing the coverage levels of both long lasting insecticide treated bed nets or indoor residual spraying activities without a corresponding increase in their proper use or patronage does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria in Ghana. Improving on the protective efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets through proper usage could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all zones. Conclusions Projected goals set in the National Strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020 as well as WHO targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030 are only likely be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high efficacy.

scholarly journals Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Awine ◽  
Sheetal P Silal
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures in Ghana will require taking transmission dynamics of the disease into account given the influence of climate variability in the region of interest. The impact of preventative interventions on malaria incidence and the prospects of meeting program timelines in Ghana were investigated using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones. Methods An ordinary non-linear differential equation models with their associated rate parameters were developed incorporating the transitions between various disease compartments for three ecological zones in Ghana. Models were fitted using data from the District Health Information Management System in Ghana from 2008 to 2017 and historical intervention coverage levels. To calibrate the models, Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach with a distance based rejection criteria was adopted. A leave-one-out approach was used to validate model parameters and the most sensitive evaluated using a multivariate regression sensitivity analysis. The impact of insecticide treated bed nets and their usage and indoor residual spraying as well as their protective efficacy on the incidence of malaria were simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone to investigate the prospects of achieving goals of the malaria control strategy for 2014-2020. Results Increasing the coverage levels of both long lasting insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying activities without a corresponding increase in their recommended usage does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria. Improving upon the protective efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets through proper usage could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all zones.Conclusions Projected goals set in the national strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020 as well as WHO targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030 are only likely to be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high community acceptability and efficacy. Key words: model, malaria, interventions, long lasting insecticide bednets, indoor residual spraying

scholarly journals Can school-based distribution be used to maintain coverage of long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets: evidence from a large scale programme in southern Tanzania?

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 980-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Stuck ◽  
Angelina Lutambi ◽  
Frank Chacky ◽  
Paul Schaettle ◽  
Karen Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
School Based ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

scholarly journals Household Predictors of Malaria Episode in Northern Uganda: Its Implication for Future Malaria Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Echodu ◽  
William Sam Oyet ◽  
Tereza Iwiru ◽  
Felister Apili ◽  
Julius Julian Lutwama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Malaria Episode ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Malaria Episodes

Abstract Background: Uses of indoor residual spraying (IRS), long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINS) and treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) are greatly promoted in northern part of Uganda as mitigating strategies for malaria episodes. Unfortunately, the region still records the highest malaria prevalence of 63%. This study assesses household predicators of malaria in the region and their impact on malaria episodes at the household levels.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in four districts of Gulu, Oyam, Kitgum and Agago covering sixteen villages in northern Uganda. In total, 193 households were surveyed. Data was collected through pre-tested structured questionnaire and systematically coded for analysis using R software.Results:Women headed 58% of the 193 households surveyed. Six hundred and five (605) individuals were declared to have spent the previous night in these households. On average, there were two bed nets per household and 502 (86%) spent the night prior to interview under a bed net. Overall, malaria episodes were strongly related to lack of bed nets or lack of use thereof, and directly linked to the number of individuals in a household. Children were prone to malaria more than adults by a ratio of 2:1. When given a choice between insecticides (IRS) and treated bed nets, 1 in 3 households preferred treated bed nets. At the same time, data suggests that bed nets were perceived unnecessary once IRS was applied. If true, the driving force to spraying insecticides indoor then becomes lack of a bed net. Conclusions:Household predicators of incidence of malaria in northern Uganda includes bed nets, use of treated bed nets, and indoor residual spraying with households not practicing any of these bearing the heaviest burden of malaria. Hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC) clusters households into four types in northern Uganda, 1) household that use bed nets and sleep in houses sprayed with insecticides; 2) households that use bed nets but no indoor residual spraying with insecticides; 3) households that have no bed nets and no indoor residual spraying; and 4) test bed nets before use. Malaria incidence was higher in children as compared to the adults.

scholarly journals Transgenic Mosquitoes Fight against Malaria: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Laxmi Shrestha ◽  
Shraddha Prakash ◽  
Roshan Kumar Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
Transgenic Mosquitoes

Malaria control with transgenic mosquitoes will be challenging; however, recent advances suggest that it may be a possibility in the foreseeable future. Progress towards discovering refractory genes for rodent malaria and gene drive systems for Drosophila provide hope that similar advances may be made for human malaria in mosquito vector species. That said, the African malaria burden has proved exceptionally difficult to diminish by all means tried thus far; and it is unlikely that transgenic mosquitoes will provide an all-in-one solution. Transgenic mosquitoes should be considered within the context of an integrated vector management strategy which should also include insecticide-treated bed-nets, indoor residual spraying with insecticides and treatment of infected individuals with antimalarial drugs. Integrated strategies will be a necessity for any successful african malaria control program and transgenic mosquitoes should be considered as a potential ingredient in the future goal of continent-wide disease control.

Adolescent health in Asia: insights from Thailand

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosawan Areemit ◽  
Boonying Manaboriboon
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Adolescent Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Fellowship Training ◽  
Resident Training ◽  
Adolescent Medicine ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Age Of Consent

Abstract Background: Adolescence in an age of opportunity in Thailand. The main health issues of this age group are related to pregnancy, injuries and poisoning, all which should be preventable. Objective and methods: This article presents the experiences of Thai physicians, who received adolescent medicine fellowship training in North America and brought their experience, knowledge, skills, and adolescent health care principles and practice back to Thailand. The anticipations and the facts faced in everyday practice, training, research, and collaboration in a place with their own culture and societal norms are described. Results: Currently, there are six adolescent medicine specialists who work with experienced specialist in the subcommittee of adolescent health under the Royal College of Pediatricians of Thailand. There has been collaboration with both the public sector and health care sector, government and non-government organizations with regards to health care service and promotion. Many hospitals especially residency training institutes have increased the cut-off age of patients to be seen by pediatricians to 15 or 18 years of age. Since 2011, adolescent medicine was made one of the mandatory rotations in all pediatric resident training programs. Conclusion: There is still more work to be done – issues around policies for confidentiality and a lower age of consent, collaboration between other specialties to enable a large-scale youth-friendly one-stop services, and multicenter research opportunities are still awaiting.

The impact of stopping and starting indoor residual spraying on malaria burden in 14 districts of Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Namuganga ◽  
Adrienne Epstein ◽  
Joaniter Nankabirwa ◽  
Arthur Mpimbaza ◽  
Moses Kiggundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Vector Control Intervention ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The scale-up of malaria control efforts has led to marked reductions in malaria burden over the past twenty years, but progress has slowed. Implementation of indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticide, a proven vector control intervention, has been limited and difficult to sustain partly because questions remain on its added impact over widely accepted interventions such as bed nets. Using data from 14 enhanced surveillance health facilities in Uganda, a country with high bet net coverage yet high malaria burden, we estimate the impact of starting and stopping IRS. We show that stopping IRS resulted in a 5-fold increase in malaria incidence within 10 months, but reinstating IRS led to an over 5-fold decrease within 8 months. In areas where IRS was initiated and sustained, malaria incidence dropped by 85% after year 4. IRS could play a critical role in achieving global malaria targets, particularly in areas where progress has stalled.

scholarly journals Exploring the Mechanisms of Multiple Insecticide Resistance in a Highly Plasmodium-Infected Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus Sensu Stricto from Sahel of Northern Nigeria

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Sulaiman S. Ibrahim ◽  
Muhammad M. Mukhtar ◽  
Helen Irving ◽  
Jacob M. Riveron ◽  
Amen N. Fadel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
Sahel Region

The Nigerian Government is scaling up the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria control, but the lack of surveillance data, especially in the Sudan/Sahel region of the country, may hinder targeting priority populations. Here, the vectorial role and insecticide resistance profile of a population of a major malaria vector Anopheles funestus sensu stricto from Sahel of Nigeria was characterised. An. funestus s.s. was the only vector found, with a high human blood index (100%) and a biting rate of 5.3/person/night. High Plasmodium falciparum infection was discovered (sporozoite rate = 54.55%). The population is resistant to permethrin (mortality = 48.30%, LT50 = 65.76 min), deltamethrin, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and bendiocarb, with mortalities of 29.44%, 56.34% and 54.05%, respectively. Cone-bioassays established loss of efficacy of the pyrethroid-only long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs); but 100% recovery of susceptibility was obtained for piperonylbutoxide (PBO)-containing PermaNet®3.0. Synergist bioassays with PBO and diethyl maleate recovered susceptibility, implicating CYP450s (permethrin mortality = 78.73%, χ2 = 22.33, P < 0.0001) and GSTs (DDT mortality = 81.44%, χ2 = 19.12, P < 0.0001). A high frequency of 119F GSTe2 mutation (0.84) was observed (OR = 16, χ2 = 3.40, P = 0.05), suggesting the preeminent role of metabolic resistance. These findings highlight challenges associated with deployment of LLINs and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Determinants of Ownership and Utilization of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets for Malaria Control in Eastern Ethiopia

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibhatu Biadgilign ◽  
Ayalu Reda ◽  
Haji Kedir
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Background. Malaria remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world, and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine ownership and utilization of ITNs among households with children under five in the previous night.Methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gursum district in Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 335 households were surveyed using a pretested structured questionnaire administered though house-to-house interviews.Results. Household ownership for at least one mosquito net and use of nets were 62.4% (95% CI 57.2–67.6%) and 21.5% (95% CI 17.1–25.9%), respectively. Households who received or were told about ITN in the last 6 months were three times more likely to have used it than those who were not (OR 3.25; 95% CI 1.5–7.10). Households whose heads were engaged as a farmer (adjusted OR 0.137; 95% CI: 0.04–0.50) and housewife (OR 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08–0.82) were less likely to use ITN than those of other occupations.Conclusion. The findings indicate low ITN ownership and utilization among the households. Intensive health education and community mobilization effort should be employed to increase the possession and proper utilization of insecticide treated bed nets.

scholarly journals Preventive Measures Against The Vectors Of Malaria In Akanda, Southwest Gabon: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, And Beliefs

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Richard Pamba ◽  
Silas Lendzele Sevidzem ◽  
Aubin Armel Koumba ◽  
Christophe Roland Zinga-Koumba ◽  
Audrey Prisca Melodie Ovono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Background: Reliable data on the Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices (KABP) of the indigenes of Akanda and its environs on the different approaches to fight against vectors of malaria is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the KABP of the indigenes of Akanda and its environs on the different techniques used to fight against vectors of malaria. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey using semi-structured questionnaires was conducted on heads of randomly selected households at Akanda from April to June 2019. Results: We interviewed 369 heads of households and the population had a high literacy rate. It was noticed that 94% of respondents knew that mosquitoes could transmit malaria. More than 80% believed that Insecticide-Treated bed Nets (ITNs) could protect them from malaria infection. There was no preference in ITNs usage with age cohorts and seasons of the year. The ITNs owned by respondents were mostly purchased from shops. Respondents underlined that their reluctance to sleep under ITNs was because of their inability to breath under such conditions. Also, apart from the use of ITNs for malaria control, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) using insecticides (mostly Rambo®) purchased from shops and cleaning around house surroundings were practiced by >50% of respondents. Conclusion: Despite respondent’s awareness of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria as well as the use of ITNs, IRS, and cleaning of home surroundings to reduce malaria vectors burden, the ITNs coverage rate is very weak and more sensitization is also required at Akanda in Gabon.

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