scholarly journals Divorce Risk Factors Across Finnish Marriage cohorts, 1954-1989

2005 ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
Juho Härkönen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Event History ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Divorce Risk

This paper examines whether there has been a change in the effects of three divorce risk factors, female educational attainment, cohabitation, and parity. Several theoretical reasons suggest such a change, but the existing evidence gives mixed results. First marriages of Finnish women married between 1954 and 1989 are analysed using data from the Fertility and Family Surveys (FFS), collected in 1989 and 1990. The results from the discrete-time event history models show that the effect of having children on marital stability has changed: the impact of having two children has become less evident, while the effect of having three children or more has increased. These trends hold after controlling for young children and premarital children. Some explanations for this shift are discussed.

scholarly journals Experience, Education, and Entrepreneurial Success: A View from Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Academic Excellence ◽  
Entrepreneurial Success ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of education on the age earnings profiles of self-employed Bangladeshi men, using data from a survey carried out by the first author in 2010. Its results strongly support the perception that educational attainment and on-the-job experience are strongly complementary rather than mutually substitutable in increasing the likelihood of achieving a high income level. Yet the high degree of earnings heterogeneity among well-educated respondents in the sample also indicates that academic excellence is a catalyst but not a guarantor for entrepreneurial success, and that levels of education that are formally equivalent may nevertheless have very different implications for the likelihood of prosperity in business.

scholarly journals Genome-wide estimates of heritability and genetic correlations in Essential Tremor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Diez-Fairen ◽  
Sara Bandres-Ciga ◽  
Gabrielle Houle ◽  
Mike A. Nalls ◽  
Simon L. Girard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Essential Tremor ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Dominance Variance ◽  
Apply Genetic ◽  
Risk Variants ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTDespite considerable efforts to identify disease-causing and risk factors contributing to essential tremor (ET), no comprehensive assessment of heritable risk has been performed to date. We use GREML-LDMS to estimate narrow-sense heritability due to additive effects (h2) and GREMLd to calculate non-additive heritability due to dominance variance (δ2) using data from 1,748 ET cases and 5,302 controls. We evaluate heritability per 10Mb segments across the genome and assess the impact of Parkinson’s disease (PD) misdiagnosis on heritability estimates. We apply genetic risk score (GRS) from PD and restless legs syndrome (RLS) to explore its contribution to ET risk and further assess genetic correlations with 832 traits by Linkage disequilibrium score regression. Our results show for the first time that ET is a highly heritable condition (h2=0.755, s.e=0.075) in which additive common variability plays a prominent role. In contrast, dominance variance shows insignificant effect on the overall estimates. Heritability split by 10Mb regions revealed increased estimates at chromosomes 6 and 21 suggesting that these may contain causative risk variants influencing susceptibility to ET. The proportion of genetic variance due to PD misdiagnosed cases was estimated to be 5.33%. PD and RLS GRS were not significantly predictive of ET case-control status demonstrating that despite overlapping symptomatology, ET does not seem to share genetic etiologies with PD or RLS. Our study suggests that most of ET genetic component is yet to be discovered and future GWAS will reveal additional risk factors that will improve our understanding of this disabling disorder.

scholarly journals From privilege to prevalence: contextual effects of women's schooling on African marital timing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Frye ◽  
Sara Lopus
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

In Africa and elsewhere, educated women tend to marry later than their less educated peers. Beyond being an attribute of individual women, education is also an aggregate phenomenon: the social meaning of a woman’s educational attainment depends on the educational attainments of her agemates. Using data from 30 countries and 246 birth cohorts across sub-Saharan Africa, we investigate the impact of educational context (the percent of women in a country cohort who ever attended school) on the relationship between a woman’s own educational attainment and her marital timing. In contexts where access to education is prevalent, the marital timing of uneducated and highly-educated women is more similar than it is in contexts where attending school is limited to a privileged minority. This across-country convergence is driven by no-education women marrying later in high-education contexts, especially through lower rates of very early marriages. However, within countries over time, the marital ages of women from different educational groups tend to diverge as educational access expands. This within-country divergence is most often driven by later marriage among highly-educated women, although some countries’ divergence is driven by earlier marriage among women who never attended school.

scholarly journals Personal Music Players Use and Other Noise Hazards among Children 11 to 12 Years Old

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6934
Author(s):  
Weronika Swierniak ◽  
Elzbieta Gos ◽  
Piotr Henryk Skarzynski ◽  
Natalia Czajka ◽  
Henryk Skarzynski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Noise Induced Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
The Impact

Exposure to loud music—due to widespread personal music players (PMPs) and noisy leisure activities—are major risk factors for noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) in adolescents. However, there is little evidence of the impact of noise on the hearing of younger children. This study aimed to explore an association between PMP use and hearing, and to identify other sources of noise among children. The study sample consisted of 1032 children aged 11–12 years old. Hearing thresholds were determined from 0.5 to 8 kHz. PMP use and other noise exposures were evaluated using a survey. We found that 82% of the children had a PMP, and 78% were exposed to noise when playing computer games. An audiometric notch was documented in 1.3% of the children. Only 11.5% of the children ever used hearing protection while engaged in noisy activities. We found no convincing evidence of an association between PMP use and hearing thresholds, although our results suggest that tinnitus may be an early sign of NIHL in young children. The study shows a need to provide children, their parents, and educators with knowledge of how to take care of hearing, including how to avoid and minimize noise exposure.

scholarly journals Parental divorce is not uniformly disruptive to children’s educational attainment

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (15) ◽  
pp. 7266-7271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie E. Brand ◽  
Ravaris Moore ◽  
Xi Song ◽  
Yu Xie
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Parental Divorce ◽  
College Attendance ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Adjustment Difficulties ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Outcomes For Children ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parental Marital Status

Children whose parents divorce tend to have worse educational outcomes than children whose parents stay married. However, not all children respond identically to their parents divorcing. We focus on how the impact of parental divorce on children’s education varies by how likely or unlikely divorce was for those parents. We find a significant negative effect of parental divorce on educational attainment, particularly college attendance and completion, among children whose parents were unlikely to divorce. Families expecting marital stability, unprepared for disruption, may experience considerable adjustment difficulties when divorce occurs, leading to negative outcomes for children. By contrast, we find no effect of parental divorce among children whose parents were likely to divorce. Children of high-risk marriages, who face many social disadvantages over childhood irrespective of parental marital status, may anticipate or otherwise accommodate to the dissolution of their parents’ marriage. Our results suggest that family disruption does not uniformly disrupt children’s attainment.

Donor Fragmentation, Aid Shocks, and Violent Political Conflict

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raynee Gutting ◽  
Martin C. Steinwand
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Event History ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

Recent debates have focused on the negative role of the proliferation of foreign aid facilities and donor fragmentation for development outcomes and recipient country institutions. This article investigates an overlooked positive side effect of donor proliferation. With an increasing number of donors, exposure to negative aid shocks decreases, as well as the impact of such shocks on violent political conflict. Using data on 106 recipient countries for the years 1970 to 2008 and employing event history and mediation analysis, we find strong evidence that fragmentation significantly reduces the risk for political destabilization associated with aid shocks.

scholarly journals Education, Self-Importance, and the Propensity for Political Participation

Perceptions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Caffrey-Maffei
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Past research has largely centered on the link between education and political participation. Although an array of evidence has suggested that there is a positive—if not causal—relationship between the two, some suggest that the relationship is spurious or mediated by other factors. Using data from the General Social Survey (2004-2014), the present study intends to revisit the phenomenon while controlling for self-importance in order to resolve the previous conflicting findings. The bivariate cross-tabulation indicates that educational attainment is a significant determinant of political participation. The trivariate cross-tabulation, furthermore, uncovers that self-importance confounds the relationship between education and political participation, such that the impact of education on political participation is stronger among those who feel less important. To be sure, the higher a person’s educational attainment is, the more likely they are to participate in political processes; and, moreover, this is particularly true of those who have depressed understandings of their importance in the world. These findings suggest that those with low levels of self-importance—likely traditionally marginalized, stereotyped, or stigmatized groups—are least represented by government officials and mandates. This, in turn, creates an American governance that fails to adequately serve and represent the desires and needs of all its people. The study calls on further research to explore the impact of other related variables on the relationship between education and political participation, and to create more appropriate and comprehensive measures of political participation and self-importance.

scholarly journals Pathways To Pain And Disability: The Impact of Early Social Deprivation And Educational Attainment In Newly Diagnosed Osteoarthritis Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afroditi Kouraki ◽  
Tobias Bast ◽  
Eamonn Ferguson ◽  
Ana Valdes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Disease Stages ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Previous research established links between pain and cognitive function on one hand and pain and anxiety on the other, and there is some evidence linking osteoarthritis to lower educational attainment. However, the inter-play of these factors and the role of key social factors (social deprivation) at the early disease stages are not understood. Using data from waves 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) (n = 1,240), we tested how social deprivation, education and anxiety, before diagnosis, affects the relationship between cognitive function, pain and independence (activities of daily living) in a subsample of respondents reporting a diagnosis of osteoarthritis at wave 6, with cross-lagged panel models. We show that social deprivation, before osteoarthritis diagnosis, predicts functional impairment in daily living after diagnosis, with this effect partly mediated by impaired cognitive function, and that education before diagnosis is protective against impairments in daily living after diagnosis via better cognitive function and lower anxiety at wave 5. Therefore, improving cognitive function and managing anxiety may mitigate the negative impact of social deprivation and low educational attainment on independent living and help to promote independence in patients with osteoarthritis.

The impact of education inequality on rheumatoid arthritis risk is mediated by smoking and body mass index: Mendelian randomization study

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sizheng Steven Zhao ◽  
Michael V Holmes ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Eleanor Sanderson ◽  
Alice R Carter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk ◽  
Smoking Exposure ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective To estimate the causal relationship between educational attainment—as a proxy for socioeconomic inequality—and risk of RA, and quantify the roles of smoking and BMI as potential mediators. Methods Using the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study of genetically predicted educational attainment (instrumented using 1265 variants from 766 345 individuals) and RA (14 361 cases, 43 923 controls). We used two-step MR to quantify the proportion of education’s effect on RA mediated by smoking exposure (as a composite index capturing duration, heaviness and cessation, using 124 variants from 462 690 individuals) and BMI (517 variants, 681 275 individuals), and multivariable MR to estimate proportion mediated by both factors combined. Results Each S.d. increase in educational attainment (4.2 years of schooling) was protective of RA (odds ratio 0.37; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.44). Higher educational attainment was also protective for smoking exposure (β = −0.25 S.d.; 95% CI: −0.26, −0.23) and BMI [β = −0.27 S.d. (∼1.3 kg/m2); 95% CI: −0.31, −0.24]. Smoking mediated 24% (95% CI: 13%, 35%) and BMI 17% (95% CI: 11%, 23%) of the total effect of education on RA. Combined, the two risk factors explained 47% (95% CI: 11%, 82%) of the total effect. Conclusion Higher educational attainment has a protective effect on RA risk. Interventions to reduce smoking and excess adiposity at a population level may reduce this risk, but a large proportion of education’s effect on RA remains unexplained. Further research into other risk factors that act as potentially modifiable mediators are required.

scholarly journals The problems and limitations of cohort studies

Breathe ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren Lenney ◽  
Francis J. Gilchrist ◽  
Aphrodite Kouzouna ◽  
Anand D. Pandyan ◽  
Val Ball
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

SummaryChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third most common cause of mortality worldwide and it is important to discover whether risk factors can be identified from studies undertaken in childhood.Numerous longitudinal cohort studies have been developed in many parts of the world to better understand the long-term outcomes of chronic respiratory diseases. Using data they have generated, it should be possible to identify specific risk factors in children and develop a model to prioritise their importance when found, in order to consider ways to reduce the prevalence and/or severity of disease in adults. However, this does require the sharing of data within the field, as is happening in other related fields, such as the Virtual International Stroke Trial Archive (www.vista.gla.ac.uk). Pooling of the raw data could be very informative and an organisation such as the European Respiratory Society could play an important role in ensuring this happens.Unfortunately, cohort studies vary widely in their inclusion criteria, their methodology and the format in which lung function data are presented. The raw data required to develop a model to assess the impact of childhood risk factors on future lung function have not been made available from many of the published articles.Our initial belief that recognised risk factors are independent variables was naïve and a different approach is required to better understand their interdependence.

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