scholarly journals Phosphorus in Finnish soils in the 1900s with particular reference to the acid ammonium acetate soil test

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Hydrous Oxides ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total P

Comprehensive research into phosphorus (P) in soils and crops began in Finland in the early 1900s. The average amount of total P in the ploughed topsoil layer of mineral soils was about two tonnes per hectare in the 1930s, before the abundant use of fertilisers. The main chemical fractions of P in mineral soils were organic matter, primary apatite and secondary complexes of the hydrous oxides of Al and Fe. Of the smaller amounts of P in light peat soils, as much as 80% was present in stable organic compounds. Field experiments showed that the native P reserves of Finnish soils are poorly available to plants, and that P fertilisers are inefficiently utilised because of the strong fixation of applied phosphate in soils. In evaluations before the late 1950s, all simple chemical tests appeared to be rather unreliable indicators of the supply of P from soils to plants, but later research has shown that the results were impaired by errors implicit in the research materials. Some soil test P values (STP)obtained from old samples stored for more than ten years evidently were too high, particularly for organic soils, and many of the soils studied were strongly acidic and therefore biologically less fertile than the chemical P tests indicated. The acid ammonium acetate method (pH 4.65) was introduced in the early 1950s and has since been used in routine soil testing in Finland, not only for P but for all macronutrients except N. In later evaluations of different methods used for estimating the requirement of P fertilisation, the acid ammonium acetate method has proven equal or superior to any other simple chemical method.;

IRON-MANGANESE AND OTHER PANS IN SOME SOILS OF NEWFOUNDLAND

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McKeague ◽  
A. W. H. Damman ◽  
P. K. Heringa
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Mapping ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Hydrous Oxides ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Iron Manganese

The thin, dark-colored, cemented layers that occur commonly in coarse deposits under peat in humid coastal areas of Newfoundland were found to be cemented mainly by amorphous Fe and Mn or by Fe compounds. The Mn contents of these pans varied from about 0.1 to 15%, and Mn tended to accumulate in the lower part of the pan. The Fe-Mo pans could be distinguished in the field from Fe or Fe-organic matter pans by the fact that the black layer at the base of the Fe-Mn pans reacted vigorously with cold 3% H2O2. The Fe-organic pans, which usually had a rusty brown layer at the base, reacted only slowly. The Fe-Mn pans were associated generally with more humid conditions, as indicated by a greater thickness of peat, than those characteristic of the Fe-organic matter pans. We think that reduction, translocation as Fe+2 and Mn+2 and subsequent oxidation and precipitation of mixed hydrous oxides must be involved in the formation of the Fe-Mn pans, whereas translocation and precipitation of Fe-organic complexes are thought to be involved in the formation of Fe-organic matter pans.Many of the Fe-Mn pans occur below organic soils, but they also occur within the sola of some mineral soils. Thus, they should be recognized in soil mapping and accommodated in the soil classification system.

scholarly journals 650 PB 022 DIFFERENT LETTUCE TYPES RESPOND SIMILARLY TO P FERTILIZATION

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 525g-526
Author(s):  
N.M. El-Hout ◽  
C.A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
The Relationship

The production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) types other than crisphead (i.e., leaf, boston, bibb, and romaine) has recently increased due to expanding consumer demand. Fertilizer P recommendations for these lettuce types are largely based on soil-test calibrations for the crisphead type only. However, biomass production and morphological traits of the different lettuce types vary. Four field experiments were conducted to compare the relative efficiencies of these lettuce types to P fertilization. All lettuce types showed large yield and quality responses to P. Because environmental conditions affected yield potential, P rates required for optimal yield varied by lettuce type within experiments. However, the P rates required for optimal yield were similar over all experiments. Furthermore, the relationship between relative yield and soil-test P across all seasons showed a similar soil-test P level was required for maximum yield of all lettuce types. The results of this study show that soil-test-based fertilizer recommendations for crisphead lettuce may be adequate for all lettuce types

scholarly journals Plant-availability of soil and fertilizer zinc in cultivated soils of Finland

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-270
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cultivated Soils

The Zn status of cultivated soils of Finland was investigated by chemical analyses and bioassays. The effect on ryegrass of different Zn fertilizers and Zn rates was studied in pot experiments and their effect on barley and timothy in field experiments. In an uncontaminated surface soil material of 72 mineral soils and 34 organogenic soils, total Zn (Zntot) was 10.3-202 mg kg-1(median 66 mg kg-1). In mineral soils, Zntot correlated positively with clay content (r = 0.81***) and in organogenic soils negatively with organic C (r = -0.53***). Zinc bound by organic matter and sesquioxides was sequentially extracted by 0.1 M K4P2O7 (Znpy) and 0.05 M oxalate at pH 2.9 (Znox), respectively. The sum Znpy + Znox, a measure of secondary Zn potentially available to plants, was 2 - 88% of Zntot and was the lowest in clay (median 5%) and highest in peat soils (median 49%). Water-soluble and exchangeable Zn consisted of0.3 - 37% (median 3%) of Zntot, the percentage being higher in acid soils, particularly in peat soils. Zinc was also extracted by 0.5 M ammonium acetate - 0,5 M acetic acid - 0.02 M Na2-EDTA at pH 4.65 (ZnAC), the method used in soil testing in Finland. The quantities of ZnAC (median 2.9 mg dm-3, range 0.6 - 29.9 mg dm-3) averaged 50% and 75% of Znpy + Znox in mineral and organogenic soils, respectively, and correlated closely with Znpy. In soil profiles, ZnAC was with few exceptions higher in the plough layer (0 - 20 cm) than in the subsoil (30 - 100 cm). In an intensive pot experiment on 107 surface soils, four crops of ryegrass took up 2 - 68% (median 26%)of Znpy + Znox. The plant-available Zn reserves were not exhausted even though in a few peat soils the Zn supply to grass decreased over time. Variation of Zn uptake was quite accurately explained by ZnAC but increasing pH had a negative impact on Zn uptake. Application of Zn (10 mg dm-3 of soil as ZnSO4 * 7 H2O) did not give rise to yield increases. In mineral soils, increase of plant Zn concentration correlated negatively with soil pH while ZnAC was of secondary importance. In those organogenic soils in which the reserves of native Zn were the most effectively utilized, plant Zn concentration also responded most strongly to applied Zn. In two 2-year field experiments, Zn application did not increase timothy or barley yields. Zinc concentration of timothy increased from 30 mg kg-1 to 33 and 36 mg kg-1 when 3 or 6 kg Zn ha-1 was applied, respectively. The efficiency of ZnSO4 * 7 H2O alone did not differ from that of a fertilizer where ZnSO4 * 7H20 was granulated with gypsum. Zinc concentration of barley grains increased by foliar sprays of Na2Zn-EDTA but only a marginal response to soil-applied Zn (4.8 or 5.4 kg ha-1 over three years) was detected in three 3-year experiments. High applications of Zn to soil (15 or 30 kg ha-1 as ZnSO4 * 7H2O) were required to increase Zn concentration of barley markedly. In order to prevent undue accumulation of fertilizer Zn in soil, it is proposed that Zn fertilizer recommendations for field crops should be based on both soil pH and ZnAC. In slightly acid and neutral soils, even if poor in Zn, response of plant Zn concentration to applied Zn remains small while there is a high response in strongly acid soils.

scholarly journals Water-extractable organic matter in the profile of mineral and organic soils of Upper Dniester alluvial plane

2017 ◽  
pp. 181-190
Author(s):  
Partyka T. ◽  
Hamkalo Z.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Labile Pool ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Extractable Organic Matter

Content of cold water extracted organic matter (CWEOM) in organic and mineral soils of Upperdniester alluvial plane was estimated. The largest CWEOM content (mg∙100 g-1) in the upper (10 cm) soil layers was found in peat soils – 105-135, and the smallest – 20-30– in arable sod and meadow soils. The highest CWEOM content was found in the lower horizons of peat soil, where it reaches 290 mg∙100 g-1. Strong correlation (r=0.81 -0.99; P<0.05) between CWEOM and TOC was found. It indicates the presence of dynamic equilibrium in the SOM system that supports certain level of labile pool compounds – the main source of bioavailable materials and energy.

scholarly journals Phosphorus status of diverse soils in Finland as influenced by long-term P fertilisation 2.Changes of soil test values in relation to P balance with references to incorporation depth of residual and freshly applied P

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA ◽  
A. JÄRVI ◽  
H. HAKKOLA
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Balance ◽  
P Application ◽  
Essential Growth ◽  
Essential Growth Factor

Fertilising with phosphorus (P) ensures continuous supply of an essential growth factor as necessary for productive and sustainable agriculture. The amounts of P required to attain and maintain an adequate P status in the soil were investigated in field experiments at 22 sites in Finland on soils containing large amounts of residual fertiliser P. The effects of five rates (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha-1) of annual P application were measured in the soil by chemical methods after 9 to 15 experimental years, and the changes in soil test P values (STP) were compared with P balances. Stratification of P in ley soil by broadcast application of fertilisers was assessed at four sites. The mean changes of STP in the whole topsoil caused by P fertilisation expressed as per cent of the balance difference were 3.5% (0.0159 mg dm-3)/(kg ha-1) in the acid ammonium acetate test (PAc), 4.7% (0.0214 mg dm-3)/(kg ha-1) in water extraction (Pw) and 9.7% (0.058 mg kg-1)/(kg ha-1) in sodium bicarbonate extraction (modified Olsen P). Initially high PAc values tended to slowly decrease at zero P balance, while low values did not change without some particular reason, such as soil acidification or mixing of the topsoil with some of the less fertile subsurface soil. A thin layer of the uppermost soil was quickly enriched by broadcast application of P fertiliser.;

scholarly journals Requirement for magnesium fertilization in Finland

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-268
Author(s):  
Raili Jokinen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Magnesium Uptake ◽  
Mineral Soils

More magnesium, on average, is removed annually from agricultural soils in Finland in yields (10 kg/ha) and through leaching (20kg/ha) than is replaced as fertilizers (4 kg/ha), manure (7 kg/ha) and as wet or dry depositions from the atmosphere (1 kg/ha). The amount of magnesium which is applied in assosiation with liming agents (at the most 25 kg/ha) has a decisie effect on the magnesium balance of the soils, although liming itself reduces those magnesium reserves of the soil which are extractable in neutral ammonium acetate(1 M) or in calcium chloride (0,01 M). The effect of two amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the spring cereal and cultivated ley yields, on the magnesium uptake and nutrient contents of the yields, and the effect of liming on the magnesium status of the soil was studied using field, pot and incubation experiments in order to gain an estimate of requirement for magnesium fertilization. The results obtained with magnesium sulphate fertilizer in the same experiments were also used as an indicator of requirement for magnesium fertilization. The ammonium acetate (1 M, pH 7) extractable magnesium in the soil appeared to be the most important source of magnesium for the plants and the best indicator of requirement for magnesium fertilization. For the intensive cultivation of grassland crops, the soil should contain about 15 mg/100g of this type of magnesium. In pot experiments, the plants took up only small amounts of not extractable magnesium. Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer dosage (pot experiments, 4,5 l soil: N1=1500 mg, N2=3000mg N per year, field experiments: N1=50 kg/ha, N2=100 kg/ha N per year) generally brought about an increase in the magnesium uptake and in the magnesium content of the grasses. When the experiments were carried out using coarse mineral soils, the magnesium uptake and magnesium content of the plants decreased during the second and third year as the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased. This was caused by the low magnesium content of the soil (pot experiments: below 12 mg/100 g soil in neutral ammonium acetate extractable magnesium, field experiments: below 100 mg/l soil in acid ammonium acetate extractable magnesium). In these soils, magnesium fertilization (200 mg Mg for 4,5 l soil per year or 57 kg/ha per year) appeared to have a positive effect on the supply of magnesium to the plants. The heavy clay and sandy clays used in the pot experiment did not require magnesium fertilization. The magnesium in silty clays, which contain a high proportion of the silt fraction (0,02—0,2 mm), may be liberated too slowly for intensively cultivated grasses and it may be necessary to give additional magnesium as fertilizer. Increasing the potassium fertilizer level from 60 kg/ha to 240 kg/ha K per year significantly decreased the magnesium content of the plants. Judging by the quality of the crops, a high potassium fertilizer level appeared to increase the requirement for magnesium fertilization. In the case of muddy very finesand the yield and magnesium uptake of timothy decreased with an increase in the amount of potassium applied. Liming (90, 180 or 360 mg/100g soil Ca as CaCO3) decreased the amount of neutral ammonium acetate extractable magnesium, in seven mineral soils out of nine, by 2—24 % in comparison to the magnesium content of unlimed soils. Part of the fertilizer magnesium became not extractable, too.

scholarly journals Phosphorus fertilization and herbage production in Finland

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Elena Valkama ◽  
Perttu Virkajärvi ◽  
Risto Uusitalo ◽  
Kari Ylivainio ◽  
Eila Turtola
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Mineral Soils

The herbage yield responses to phosphorus (P) fertilization show large variation and, unlike to cereals, initial soil test P (STP) does not always predict such variation. By using meta-analysis, we reviewed quantitatively 38 Finnish field experiments related to the effects of P fertilization on herbage dry matter (DM) yields in the 1960s – 2000s. The current meta-analysis has several advantages over other type of research aiming to summarize the effect of P fertilization on herbage production. It involves large number of studies, diversity of soils and cultivation zones, and it enables to highlight the sources of variation in responses across the studies. Along with clay and coarse-textured mineral soils, we observed 20 studies on organic soils, whereas previous European and Canadian studies on the same topic involved mostly mineral soils. Moreover, we developed yield response models for different soil textures and initial STP levels. The summarized effect of P fertilization (mean 50 kg P ha-1) on DM yields was 13% over the control (N and K fertilization) with large variation across the studies from –10% to 70%. The major sources of variation were soil texture, soil acidity (for organic soils), initial STP and the yield level in control. For example, the yield response was three times larger on organic soils than on clay or coarse-textured mineral soils. Moreover, the yield response was double on slightly acidic organic soils (29%, n = 8) compared to that on moderately acidic ones (15%, n = 11). Thus, for acidic organic soils, even with low STP, P fertilization may be practically useless until the soils are first limed. Meta-regression proved that generally the responses reduced with increasing initial STP across the studies and reached zero at high STP (PAc, 21 mg l-1). However, in some studies with high control yields, no responses were observed even at low STP, since the responses decreased linearly with increasing control yields. Finally, the responses did not statistically differ between the cultivation zones, cut frequency, decades, or between the studies having different duration of experiments. Variation in herbage yields that is often observed in P fertilizer experiments is only partly related to increasing P rates, but also other factors should be taken into account. Further studies should address to the role of, e.g., soil structure in yield development, as it is evident that additional relevant explanatory variables would be needed to adequately explain the variation in herbage yields.

Soil testing for phosphorus: comparing the Mehlich 3 and Colwell procedures for soils of south-western Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
D. G. Allen ◽  
K. S. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Values ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Test P

Soil samples were collected from 14 long-term field experiments in south-western Australia to which several amounts of superphosphate or phosphate rock had been applied in a previous year. The samples were analysed for phosphorus (P) by the Colwell sodium bicarbonate procedure, presently used in Western Australia, and the Mehlich 3 procedure, being assessed as a new multi-element test for the region. For the Mehlich procedure, the concentration of total and inorganic P in the extract solution was measured. The soil test values were related to yields of crops and pasture measured later on in the year in which the soil samples were collected.The Mehlich 3 procedures (Mehlich 3 total and Mehlich 3 inorganic soil test P values) were similar, with the total values mostly being slightly larger. For soil treated with superphosphate, for each year of each experiment: (i) Mehlich 3 values were closely correlated with Colwell values; and (ii) the relationship between plant yield and soil test P (the soil P test calibration) was similar for the Colwell and Mehlich 3 procedures. However, for soil treated with phosphate rock, the Colwell procedure consistently produced lower soil test P values than the Mehlich 3 procedure, and the calibration relating plant yield to soil test P was different for the Colwell and Mehlich 3 procedures, indicating, for soils treated with phosphate rock, separate calibrations are required for the 2 procedures. We conclude that for soils of south-western Australia treated with superphosphate (most of the soils), the Mehlich 3 procedure can be used instead of the Colwell procedure to measure soil test P, providing support for the Mehlich 3 procedure to be developed as the multi-element soil test for the region.

The manurial value of sewage sludge applied to fen peat soils

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siân E. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Digested Sludge ◽  
Fresh Organic Matter ◽  
Digested Liquid ◽  
Mineral Soils

SummaryPrevious research has shown that sewage sludge can act as a source of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer. Fen peat soils are organic soils derived from plant material and are known to differ from mineral soils in their plant-nutrient availability. The work reported in this paper compares the effects of liquid digested, liquid raw and dewatered digested sludge with inorganic nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers on a typical fenland rotation of winter wheat, sugar beet and potatoes.It is concluded that sludge can replace inorganic nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer on fen soil, and it appears that applications of sludge containing large amounts of fresh organic matter can act as a soil conditioner and produce higher yields than can be obtained from the use of fertilizer alone.

scholarly journals Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 1.Yield responses on clay and loam soils relation to soil test P values

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA ◽  
Y. SALO ◽  
M. VUORINEN
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Values ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilisation

In order to update phosphorus (P) fertiliser recommendations for the Finnish clay and loam soils enriched with applied P, the effects of repeated P fertilisation on the yields of cereal and other crops were measured at eight sites over a period of 12-18 years. Yield results of some earlier field studies were also used in calibrating the soil test P values determined by the Finnish acid ammonium acetate method (PAc). Significant yield responses to P fertilisation were obtained on soils which had low PAc values or medium levels of PAc and too low or too high pH values (< 6.0 or 7.5 in water suspension). The mean relative control yield (RCY, yield without applied P divided by yield with sufficient P multiplied by 100) of the eight sites was 94.6% (n = 128, mean PAc 15.5 mg dm-3) varying from 87% at PAc 2.8 mg dm-3 to 100% at high PAc. A PAc level of 5-7 mg dm-3 was adequate for cereals, grasses and oilseed rape on the basis of the RCY value of 95% at optimal pH. At this PAc replacing the amounts of P in the crops (14 kg in 4 t grain) and the fixation of extractable P (about 6 kg ha-1 a-1) produced almost maximum yields in favourable seasons and were considered optimal.;

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