scholarly journals Influence of lime on the accumulation of mineral nitrogen in incubation experiments of peat soils

1957 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Sylvi Soini
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Three Samples

In the present paper the effect of lime on the mobilization of peat nitrogen was studied using incubation experiments under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment in which 13 samples of virgin peat soils were incubated for four months at 7°C, lime caused a marked nitrification of ammonium nitrogen in three samples, and a fairly low increase in the ammonium nitrogen content of five samples. The accumulation of total mineral nitrogen was benefited by lime in five samples and only in one of them could a marked increase be detected. In the second experiment the amounts of lime applied to five peat samples corresponded to 4000, 8000 or 12 000 kg/ha of CaCO3. At the end of an incubation period of four months at 9—15°C the total amounts of mineral nitrogen accumulated did not depend on the fate of liming, as did the nitrification in SCp-and BCp-samples, and also, in part, in the Sp- and CSp-samples. After the prolonged incubation up to 12 months the amount of lime applied had little or no effect upon the accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen or total mineral nitrogen except in the SCp-sample in which a positive correlation between these figures existed. Traces of nitrite-nitrogen were detected in some of the samples incubated for four months with the heaviest applications of lime. In the third experiment carried out at 7°C the treatment with lime was equal to that in the second series, but half of the pots were treated with ammonium nitrate corresponding to 100 kg/ha of nitrogen. The effect of lime on the treated samples appeared to be similar to that in the untreated one. Owing to the large variation, the fate of applied mineral nitrogen could not be distinctly detected. The loss of ammonium nitrogen through volatilization from the most heavily limed pots may be a possible explanation for the lower amounts of total mineral nitrogen in the incubated BCp-samples. Some reasons for these variable results are discussed and attention is also paid to the importance of nitrification on the nitrogen nutrition of plants.

Fluctuations in available mineral nitrogen in a flooded rice soil on the sub-coastal plains of the Adelaide river, N.T

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Rice Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen ◽  
Flooded Rice Soil ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Soil from the 0-3 inch and 3-12 inch layers of nitrogen fertilized and unfertilized cropped and fallow plots was sampled at two=weekly intervals throughout the growing period of flooded rice. The soil was extracted with sodium acetate-acetic acid (pH 4.8) and ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite nitrogen determined. Nitrite nitrogen levels fell from 0.4 p.p.m. before flooding to less than 0.1 p.p.m. after flooding. Ammonium nitrogen reached peak mean levels of 57 and 55 lb an acre in the surface 12 inches of the soil in fertilized and unfertilized plots respectively, eight weeks after flooding. The effect of added nitrogen was lost within four weeks of flooding. Nitrate nitrogen in the surface 12 inches of soil reached peak levels of 40 and 10 lb an acre two weeks before flooding and 28 and 25 lb an acre eight weeks after flooding in fertilized and unfertilized plots respectively. Changes in the levels of available mineral nitrogen are discussed in relation to soil pH, Eh, and temperature

scholarly journals Influence of lime and fertilizers upon the mineralization of peat nitrogen in incubation experiments

1954 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Sylvi Soini ◽  
Erkki Kivinen
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Sphagnum Fuscum ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Different Origins

An attempt has been made to elucidate the influence of lime and fertilizers upon the mineralization of peat nitrogen under laboratory conditions. The main object was to study differences between the responce of various kinds of peats to these treatments and to the incubation under conditions favourable for the activity of microorganisms. The material consisted of eight peat samples from North Finland. Four of them were fen peats with a virgin productivity of 6—8. The other four originated from untillable bogs with a virgin productivity of 1—3. All the samples were from virgin peat lands and only slightly decomposed. In spite of the different origins of these peat groups no marked differences in their chemical composition and characteristics could be found. This was supposed to be due to their low degree of decomposition. In the first large incubation experiment carried out at 15°—22 °C the accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen during the B—lo8—10 months of incubation was relatively high in all the limed samples, but marked nitrification occurred also in most of the un-limed samples, the Sphagnum fuscum peat being the most prominent exception. On the average, the effect of lime upon the total accumulation of mineral nitrogen was positive only in three of the fen peats and in the Sphagnum fuscum sample. In the second experiment lime seemed to stimulate the ammonification in the Sphagnum peats during the first month of incubation, but later on the accumulation of mineral nitrogen was found to be almost equally intensive in the limed and un-limed samples. No significant effect of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers could be stated in the incubation experiments. The same was true in respect to the effect of copper sulphate, zinc chloride or ammonium molybdate. The influence of ash upon the changes in the mineral nitrogen content of one fen peat was supposed to be due to its neutralizing agencies. The accumulation of mineral nitrogen, particularly of ammonium nitrogen, was highest in the untreated samples. Although some superiority of the fen peats to the Sphagnum peats in respect to the speed of the accumulation of mineral nitrogen could be stated, the differences between these groups after the prolonged incubation were negligible. This can be explained by the different intensity of immobilization and denitrification of nitrogen in these peats under the conditions of the experiments. It also may be taken to mean that no distinct differences existed between the decomposability of the nitrogen compounds of these slightly humified fen peats and Sphagnum peats.

scholarly journals Observations on the mobilization of peat nitrogen in incubation experiments

1959 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-281
Author(s):  
Jaakko Kivekäs ◽  
Erkki Kivinen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Original Amount

60 peat samples from northern Finland representing different types of peat were incubated in a laboratory at a temperature of 17—18° C. The ammonium nitrogen, the nitrate nitrogen and the pH in the samples were determined after one month of incubation as well as after three months of incubation. The results were compared to results from determinations made before incubation. An attempt was made to elucidate the factors that influence the mobilization of nitrogen. On the basis of the above results it is evident that the differences between the various peat types as mobilizers of nitrogen are under these circumstances not very distinct, nor do these differences seem to be dependent on the types of peat. The following facts can, however, be established: In the amounts of ammonium nitrogen an increase takes place in most groups of samples during the first month. This increase is fairly big in the Sphagnum-dominated peats. The increase in ammonium nitrogen continues in the unlimed samples in most peat groups during all three months of incubation. After three months of incubation the amount of ammonium nitrogen in the limed samples is smaller than in the unlimed samples, although it is usually bigger than in the original samples. After the first month of incubation the amounts of nitrate nitrogen in all types of peat have decreased compared to the amounts in the original samples. In the limed samples the decrease is not as great as in the unlimed ones. After three months of incubation the amount of nitrate nitrogen has considerably increased as compared to the amount after one month of incubation. In the limed samples it might to some extent exceed the original amount of nitrate nitrogen, however, this is seldom the case in the unlimed samples. If the results are calculated on the basis of weight unit, it can be stated that the ability to mobilize nitrogen is greater in the Sphagnum peats than in the other peat groups. Working out the results in kg per ha it will be noted that somewhat more nitrogen is mobilized in the Carex-dominated than in the Sphagnum-dominated peats. The results obtained by experiments in the laboratory are not directly applicable to conditions in the field.

Influence of Photochemical Reactions on the Content and Transformation of Mineral Nitrogen in Sod-Podzol Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 195-199
Author(s):  
Sergey Novoselov
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Humus Substances ◽  
Microbiological Oxidation ◽  
Two Stages

The article discusses the photochemical effects of sunlight on the soil. Under the influence of light energy the amount of mineral and easy hydrolysable nitrogen, as well as labile humus substances increased in the soil. The photochemical destruction of humus substances was accompanied by an increase in their mobility and loss of colour. The article shows that the process of mineral nitrogen formation in the soil during the photochemical destruction of humus substances has two stages. The first stage includes photochemical reactions with the formation of ammonium nitrogen. The second stage is the microbiological oxidation of ammonium nitrogen to the nitrate nitrogen.

scholarly journals The effect of pulverising aeration on changes in the oxygen and nitrogen concentrations in water of Lake Starzyc

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Wesołowski ◽  
Adam Brysiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
Restoration Measures

Abstract Due to poor ecological status of Lake Starzyc, lake restoration measures were undertaken in 2003 to improve aerobic conditions of near-bottom waters and to decrease phosphorus concentrations. To do this, a wind-driven pulverising aerator was installed in the lake. The aim of this study was to analyse variability of oxygen and nitrogen concentrations in lake water near the aerator in the third year of its operation and later on in the three-year-long period of the years 2008–2010. It was found that concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and dissolved oxygen near the aerator did not differ from those in sites 4 and 5, which evidenced similar abiotic conditions in analysed waters. Higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen and lower concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen were found in the years 2008–2010 than in 2005.

Structure and chemical composition of yeast chlamydospores of Aureobasidium pullulans

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Brown ◽  
Louis A. Hanic ◽  
May Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Yeastlike Cells

Cellular form in Aureobasidium pullulons can be partially controlled by nitrogen nutrition. Ammonium nitrogen supports a mixture of filamentous and yeastlike growth, whereas only a few filaments develop on nitrate nitrogen. On nitrate 97% of the cell material consists of a mixture of yeastlike cells and chlamydospores. Chlamydospores are produced on both nitrogen sources; however, with ammonium nitrogen chlamydospores occur in an intercalar position, whereas nitrate nitrogen supports development of chlamydospores as separate structures containing one, two, or occasionally three cells. This mode of production allows separation of yeast chlamydospores from other cell types and subsequent isolation of their cell walls. Yeast chlamydospores and filaments have an electron dense, melanin-rich, granular, outer cell-wall layer which yeastlike cells lack. This granular material is also found in cross walls of filaments and chlamydospores. Glucose is the main component of chlamydospore walls and accounts for 36% of the dry weight. Yeastlike cell walls contain only 13% glucose, but more mannose, galactose, and bound lipid. Most of the glucan portion of chlamydospore walls is insoluble in dilute alkali; methylation analysis indicates that this material contains linear chains of (1 → 3) and (1 → 6) linked glucose. About one residue in five forms a branch point having both (1 → 3) and (1 → 6) linkages.

Persistence and effects of some chlorinated anilines on nitrification in soil

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Thompson ◽  
C. T. Corke
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Substituted Anilines ◽  
Molecular Configuration ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen

A study was made of the effects of aniline and monochlorine-substituted, and dichlorine-substituted anilines on nitrification in Guelph loam. These compounds were shown to be inhibitory against the oxidation of ammonium-nitrogen to nitrite-nitrogen, but not nitrite-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen. The chlorinated derivatives showed increased toxicity against Nitrosomonas in the following order, 4-chloroaniline, 3-CA, 2,6-DCA, 2-CA, 2,4-DCA, 3,5-DCA and 2,5-DCA. Two patterns of inhibition of the process of nitrification were noted in these experiments which were, in part, dependent on structure of the compound used.Decomposition studies of these compounds in soil indicated that the dichloroanilines were more persistent than aniline or the monochloroanilines. The disappearance of 3,4-DCA from soil was primarily due to chemical degradation, although bacterial participation was also involved.A discussion of the relationships of molecular configuration, lipophilic properties, and persistence of aniline and monochlorine- and dichlorine-substituted anilines to toxicity is presented.

scholarly journals Peat as a source of nitrogen for plants in pot culture

1958 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Erkki Kivinen ◽  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizers ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Pot Culture

Results are reported of a pot experiment in which four successive oat crops were grown with peat as the only source of nitrogen. Eight samples from virgin peat lands representing different land qualities were used. The samples were air-dried and ground which is known to increase markedly the amount of ammonium nitrogen in peat. Some data from incubation experiments were compared with the uptake of peat nitrogen by plants. The results did not agree with the earlier conception that the Carex-peats are superior to the Sphagnum-peats, particularly in regard to the availability of peat nitrogen. Under the conditions of pot culture and incubation experiments some of the fairly poor Carex-Sphagnum peats were markedly better as supplyers of nitrogen to the plants than were e.g. samples of Bryales-Carex peat and eutrophic Sphagnum-Carex peat of the present study. The uptake of nitrogen by plants from the peat samples was often lower than the amounts of mineral nitrogen accumulated in short-time incubation experiments. The possible reasons for this discrepance was discussed. It was pointed out that in pot experiments these air-dried and ground peat proved to produce higher yields without phosphorus fertilizers than without application of nitrogen, at least in the first year.

Changes in chemical fractions of nitrogen during incubation of soils with histories of large organic matter increase under pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Moore ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Fractions ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fractions

A lateritic podzolic soil and a solodized solonetz soil, with histories of organic matter increase under tropical and temperate pastures respectively, were incubated over a period of a year with a weekly wetting and drying cycle. Decreases in organic matter (7 and 11%), total nitrogen (12 and 10%), and non-distillable acid-soluble nitrogen (30 and 25%) occurred, but there were no significant changes in residual nitrogen. Although there were marked increases in mineral nitrogen at the beginning of the incubation in both soils, nitrification was relatively poor in both soils. In a short-term (4 weeks) incubation of a lateritic podzolic soil and a grey clay soil the addition of labelled nitrogen followed by fractionation allowed nitrogen transformations to be examined precisely. Although differences in total nitrogen (labelled + unlabelled) with time were not statistically significant (P = 0.05) in the sandy soil (lateritic podzolic) a loss (28%) of total labelled nitrogen did occur. Parallel with this was an increasing incorporation of labelled nitrogen in all three organic fractions and a disappearance of ammonium nitrogen without the appearance of an equivalent amount of nitrate nitrogen. On the other hand, in the clay soil there was no loss of total labelled nitrogen with time and little incorporation of labelled nitrogen in the organic fractions after the first week. There was little change in the pool of labelled mineral nitrogen between the first and fourth weeks, but virtually complete and quantitative conversion from ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. Some of the results point to varying biological lability of chemical fractions of soil nitrogen. These fractions are unlikely to be of much use as indices for sensitive measurement of nitrogen changes in the field, however, possibly because of the continuing accretion and losses which occur in the field.

Study on the Salinity Domestication and Mechanism of Nitrite Nitrogen Removal of Acinetobacter lwoffii

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 641-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Ying Yuan ◽  
Chuan Xu Li ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Qing Man Cui
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen ◽  
High Concentrations

In this paper, the salinity domestication and mechanism of nitrite nitrogen removal ofAcinetobacter lwoffiiwere studied.The results showed that the optimum domestication salinityof the bacteria was 0.5% NaCl. It was speculated that the bacteria might have both oxidase andreductase, transform the nitrite nitrogen into ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, and then usethem to synthesis the body protein. It also found that high concentrations of sodium nitrite hadinhibition effect on the bacteria growth.

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