scholarly journals The fate of water-soluble phosphate applied to some mineral soils

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Phosphate Solutions ◽  
Soluble Part

The distribution of applied water-soluble phosphorus in the various fractions of soil inorganic phosphorus was studied in an incubation experiment under the laboratory conditions. Samples of twelve soils were incubated for three months at room temperature with the applications of KH2P04 in amounts corresponding to 100, 200, or 500 mg P/kg of soil. The results of the fractionation showed that in most samples the applied phosphorus could be found almost completely in the fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble fractions, the part of the former being the higher and that of the latter the lower the higher the rate of the phosphate application. Similar results were obtained also when the fractionation was performed after the samples had been in contact with the phosphate solutions only for two hours. Analyses of samples from two field trials were in accordance with these results. The soils tended to have a characteristic pattern of phosphate retention which in extreme cases means an almost complete sorption of the applied phosphate either as the fluoride-soluble form or as the alkali-soluble form. In most soils, however, the distribution was more equal. Usually the fluoride-soluble part of the recovered phosphorus tended to be somewhat higher than the alkali-soluble part. This tendency was more distinct in regard to the newly retained phosphorus. The effect of phosphate fertilizers in our soils is discussed on the basis of the results.

Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers: I. Immediate value of dicalcium phosphate, nitrophosphates, Gafsa rock phosphate basic slag and potassium metaphosphate for barley and ryegrass

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. G. Mattingly ◽  
A. Penny
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Basic Slag ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers

SUMMARYThree granular nitrophosphates containing 5, 26 and 50 % of their total phosphorus in a water-soluble form, granular potassium metaphosphate, Gafsa rock phosphate and basic slag (both as powders) were compared with granular superphosphate and powdered dicalcium phosphate as standards in two annual experiments with ryegrass and in three experiments with barley.In 1960 total yields of ryegrass during a whole season were similar with all fertilizers. Nitrophosphate-5, Gafsa rock phosphate and basic slag acted more slowly than granular superphosphate and grass grew less well and took up less phosphorus during the first 12 weeks. Over the whole growing season more phosphorus was taken up by grass from powdered dicalcium phosphate and from granular potassium metaphosphate (0.5–2.0 mm) than from granular superphosphate (1.0–4.0 mm).Powdered dicalcium phosphate was equivalent to about 60% as much phosphorus applied as superphosphate to barley. Rock phosphate was almost inert and percentage granular superphosphate equivalents of basic slag and potassium metaphosphate were 22 and 23% respectively. Percentage superphosphate equivalents of the granular nitrophosphates were 1, 25 and 53% and almost equal to the water-soluble phosphate they contained.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on the fate of applied superphosphate phosphorus in some mineral soils

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Small Parts

The effect of liming on the distribution of superphosphate phosphorus in various fractions of soil phosphorus was studied. Samples of four mineral soils (pH 3.9 to 5.1) were incubated at room temperature for eight months with 0, 0.5, or 1.0 per cent CaCO3, and with 0.40 per cent superphosphate or without any phosphate application. Liming increased the soil pH-values to pH 6.1—7.3. Samples were analyzed for inorganic phosphorus by the fractionation method of CHANG and JACKSON. Results obtained after an incubation period of four months showed that, both in the fertilized and unfertilized samples, liming had increased the fluoride soluble, acid soluble and easily soluble fractions, but it had decreased the alkali soluble phosphorus. These effects were generally the more distinct, the higher the application of CaCO3 had been. During the prolonged incubation, the alkali soluble fraction tended to increase at the expense of the fluoride soluble phosphorus. The differences in the phosphorus content of various fractions in the respective fertilized and unfertilized samples showed that the »superphosphate phosphorus» was mainly recovered as the fluoride soluble and alkali soluble forms, the relative amount of the latter being the lower the heavier the liming had been. Yet, even at about pH 7, from one fifth to one fourth of the applied phosphorus appeared to be sorbed by iron compounds and ocurred in the alkali soluble fraction. The sum of the proportions of easily soluble and fluoride soluble phosphorus increased with liming. The small parts of fertilizer phosphorus recovered in the acid soluble form did not depend on the rate of liming. Thus, even at pH 7, no significant turning of superphosphate phosphorus in difficultly soluble apatite like secondary calcium phosphates could be detected. The effect of liming on the availability of the fertilizer phosphorus and on the phosphate retention pattern of the soil, was discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of cumulative fertilizer dressings on the phosphorus status of mineral soils I Changes in inorganic phosphorus fractions

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Inorganic P Fractions ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus Fractions

Surface soil samples were collected from 16 P fertilization trials before onset of the experiments and after seven years of cultivation. The changes in the inorganic P fractions were investigated in plots amended annually with 0, 30 or 60 kg of P ha-1. In the clay soils, cultivation without P fertilization depleted the NH4F-extractable and NaOH-extractable P reserves by 22—69 kg ha-1 ; in the coarser soils, the respective depletion was 8—140 kg ha-1. H2S04-soluble P decreased in seven soils by 16—34 kg ha-1. In the plots amended totally with 210 or 420 kg of P ha-1, on the other hand, these P fractions increased by 24—174 and 46—368 kg ha-1, respectively. The higher the P dressing was, the more the added P tended to accumulate in the fluoride-soluble form as compared to the alkali-soluble form.

Phosphate responses in relation to soil tests and organic phosphorus

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Friend ◽  
H. F. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Total Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphate Response

Phosphate responses of wheat in a number of soil types have been correlated with the amounts of phosphate extracted by ten different methods. Of these only total organic phosphorus, and inorganic phosphorus extracted with hot 0·1N caustic soda, were significantly related to phosphate response, the former at the 1% level and the latter at the 5% level. The amount of organic phosphorus in the soil was also found to be significantly related, in each instance at the 5% level, to phosphate responses of grass and the percentage phosphate in the grass. When the amount of organic phosphorus was considered together with the phosphate retention capacity of the soil, to give a measure of available mineralized phosphate, the relationships to response (and uptake of phosphorus by grasses) was more significant than with organic phosphorus alone.The organic phosphorus fraction accounted for about 86% of the total soil phosphorus. Measurable amounts of water-soluble organic phosphorus were found with all the soils. The amounts were, however, not significantly related to phosphate response. Moreover, it was found that while the soil extract containing organic phosphorus decomposed, it did so without the production of mineral phosphate. From this, and further evidence in the literature, it is considered that the organic complex in the soil, rather than the water soluble phosphorus, is the main source for the plant.

The use of substitution values for characterising fertiliser performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
D. A. Ratkowsky ◽  
S. B. Tennakoon ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
P. G. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Rocks ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock

Summary. The substitution value, or horizontal comparison between a fertiliser and some high-performing reference fertiliser, is shown to be a powerful and effective means of ranking the performance of various reactive phosphate rock fertilisers relative to a water-soluble phosphate such as a superphosphate. To take account of the variability due to random error in fertiliser field trials, the use of a standardised score, one measuring the relative departure of the substitution value from that expected for the standard fertiliser, is shown to be a suitable statistic for general use. Cluster analyses using these z-scores as input data can lead to appropriate decision making such as, for example, grouping experimental sites into: (i) those which perform as well as water-soluble phosphate, (ii) those which are somewhat worse than water-soluble phosphate, and (iii) those which are much worse than water-soluble phosphate. Substitution values obtained for different reactive phosphate rocks were compared both within and between sites, using appropriate statistical tests of significance. This approach assisted in ranking the performance of the 5 reactive phosphate rocks and the partially acidulated phosphate rock studied in the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project, and helped predict which ones are likely to be suitable for use in differing environments.

scholarly journals Water soluble phosphate fertilizers for crops grown in calcareous soils – an outdated paradigm for recycled phosphorus fertilizers?

2017 ◽  
Vol 424 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 367-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Meyer ◽  
E. Frossard ◽  
P. Mäder ◽  
S. Nanzer ◽  
D. G. Randall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizers

Soil fertility changes in the long-term experimental plots at Kybybolite, South Australia. II. Changes in phosphorus.

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Increased Retention

The fate of phosphorus applied as superphosphate and rock phosphate to grassland plots at Kybybolite established in 1919 on solonetzic soils has been studied by soil analytical techniques. The additional effect of the amendments lime and gypsum has also been examined. From past records of phosphorus added as fertilizer, the probable amounts of phosphorus removed in animal products, and present phosphorus levels of the surface 8 in. of soil, it has been possible to draw up a balance sheet of gains and losses. The results show that considerable penetration of phosphorus applied in the water-soluble form has occurred. Less than half the phosphorus applied as superphosphate can be accounted for in the surface 8 in. The remainder is presumed to have been leached to lower soil horizons. In contrasting these results with those of other areas of similar rainfall where little movement of applied water-soluble phosphate has occurred, it is believed that the greater penetration at Kybybolite can be explained on the basis of the coarse texture and the low fixing capacity of the surface soil. Where acid-soluble phosphate has been applied, less movement through the soil is apparent, and 75–89 per cent. of the residual phosphorus applied as rock phosphate can be accounted for in the surface soil, mostly in the top 2 in. Lime has resulted in an increased retention of phosphorus in the surface soil. Gypsum, on the other hand, has not resulted in increased retention. The need for a reappraisal of the present widespread practice of continuous mono-application of superphosphate to pastures after residual levels in the soil have been raised is discussed. In particular, the possible role of acid-soluble phosphate is examined.

Verbascum sinaiticum: A Rich Source of Antioxidant Phenylethanoid Glycosides

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humaira Yasmeen Gondal ◽  
Roshan Zamir ◽  
Muhammad Nisar ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Phenylethanoid Glycosides ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Soluble Part

Background: The genus Verbascum is well documented for its antioxidant potential but Verbascum sinaiticum is comparatively less studied plant. The current study was carried out to search for antioxidant nutraceuticals from this species. Objective: To explore the antioxidant potential of Verbascum sinaiticum and to identify its active constituents. Methods: The methanolic extract of air-dried aerial part of the Verbascum sinaiticum was partitioned with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The water-soluble part of ethyl acetate afforded six phenylethanoid glycosides by repeated chromatography over Sephadex LH-20, silica gel and ODS columns. Antioxidant activity of solvent extracts and isolated constituents were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: Six phenylethanoid glycosides was isolated and characterized as Verbascoside, Eukovoside, Martynoside, Jionoside D, Campneoside I and Campneoside II, from the most active fraction. Conclusion: Verbascum sinaiticum demonstrated prospective antioxidant activity. The watersoluble part of EtOAc (WSEAE) was found the most active extract whereas Verbascoside was identified as the most potent constituent. All isolated compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity whereas their synergistic effect was found prominent in the parent fraction.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Carotenoid Composition of Melilot (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.) Extracts and the Effects of Isolated (All-E)-lutein-5,6-epoxide on Primary Sensory Neurons and Macrophages

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Györgyi Horváth ◽  
Eszter Csikós ◽  
Eichertné Violetta Andres ◽  
Tímea Bencsik ◽  
Anikó Takátsy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Primary Sensory Neurons ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Melilotus Officinalis ◽  
Carotenoid Composition ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Melilotus officinalis is known to contain several types of secondary metabolites. In contrast, the carotenoid composition of this medicinal plant has not been investigated, although it may also contribute to the biological activities of the drug, such as anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study focuses on the isolation and identification of carotenoids from Meliloti herba and on the effect of isolated (all-E)-lutein 5,6-epoxide on primary sensory neurons and macrophages involved in nociception, as well as neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammatory processes. The composition of the plant extracts was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The main carotenoid was isolated by column liquid chromatography (CLC) and identified by MS and NMR. The effect of water-soluble lutein 5,6-epoxide-RAMEB (randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin) was investigated on Ca2+-influx in rat primary sensory neurons induced by the activation of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptor agonist to mustard-oil and on endotoxin-induced IL-1β release from isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. (all-E)-Lutein 5,6-epoxide significantly decreased the percent of responsive primary sensory neurons compared to the vehicle-treated stimulated control. Furthermore, endotoxin-evoked IL-1β release from macrophages was significantly decreased by 100 µM lutein 5,6-epoxide compared to the vehicle-treated control. The water-soluble form of lutein 5,6-epoxide-RAMEB decreases the activation of primary sensory neurons and macrophages, which opens perspectives for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory applications.

scholarly journals Human Lanosterol 14-Alpha Demethylase (CYP51A1) Is a Putative Target for Natural Flavonoid Luteolin 7,3′-Disulfate

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2237
Author(s):  
Leonid Kaluzhskiy ◽  
Pavel Ershov ◽  
Evgeniy Yablokov ◽  
Tatsiana Shkel ◽  
Irina Grabovec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Optical Biosensor ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Redox Partner ◽  
Access Channel ◽  
Kd Values ◽  
Key Steps

Widespread pathologies such as atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and cancer are associated with dysregulation of sterol biosynthesis and metabolism. Cholesterol modulates the signaling pathways of neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (cytochrome P450(51), CYP51A1) catalyzes one of the key steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. The fairly low somatic mutation frequency of CYP51A1, its druggability, as well as the possibility of interfering with cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells collectively suggest the clinical importance of CYP51A1. Here, we show that the natural flavonoid, luteolin 7,3′-disulfate, inhibits CYP51A1 activity. We also screened baicalein and luteolin, known to have antitumor activities and low toxicity, for their ability to interact with CYP51A1. The Kd values were estimated using both a surface plasmon resonance optical biosensor and spectral titration assays. Unexpectedly, in the enzymatic activity assays, only the water-soluble form of luteolin—luteolin 7,3′-disulfate—showed the ability to potently inhibit CYP51A1. Based on molecular docking, luteolin 7,3′-disulfate binding suggests blocking of the substrate access channel. However, an alternative site on the proximal surface where the redox partner binds cannot be excluded. Overall, flavonoids have the potential to inhibit the activity of human CYP51A1 and should be further explored for their cholesterol-lowering and anti-cancer activity.

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