scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FASCIAL STRUCTURES IN INFRAHYOID NECK DURING PRENATAL HUMAN ONTOGENESIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
I. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Human Ontogenesis ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Fascial Spaces ◽  
Human Prenatal Development ◽  
Macroscopic Examination ◽  
Fetal Stage

Fascia and fascial spaces of the neck remains a controversial morphological question, which requires in-depth study, especially in the focus of prenatal morphogenesis. We have examined specimens of human embryos, prefetuses and fetuses in order to study the development and topographic-anatomical features of the neck fascial structures at different stages of human prenatal development. For this purpose, a set of microscopic methods (three-dimensional reconstruction, series of histological sections examination) for embryos (8.0-13.0 mm PCL (parieto-coccygeal length) and prefetuses (14.0-80.0 mm PCL) was used; macroscopic examination for fetuses’ specimens (80.0-230.0 mm PCL). It was found that at the end of the embryonic period of development, there are rudiments of the larynx and pharynx, which are not delimited; precrusors of vascular and nerve trunks of the neck are already present. In the prefetal we may observe change from the bilaminar to multilaminar fascial morphology. The definitive structure of fascial structures may be found in fetal stage of human ontogenesis. It is important that at fetal stage, fascial leaves tend to fuse in areas that contact with the periosteum or in the fascial spaces that do not yet contain adipose tissue yet.

scholarly journals EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 966-970
Author(s):  
Olexandr Tsyhykalo ◽  
Аlla Khodorovska ◽  
Iryna Popova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Structural Formation ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Human Prenatal Development

One of the topical issues of morphology is studying general regulations of development and structural formation dynamics of respiratory system. The aim of the study was to determine peculiarities of the embryogenesis of respiratory system organs during prenatal development in humans. Research was conducted on 22 series of histological specimens of human embryos which were 4,5-8,0 mm of parieto-cocygeal lengths (PLC), and by using complex morphological methods of study (morphometry, histological assessment, three-dimensional reconstruction). It was established that the source of human lungs primordium is a traheopulmonary primordium, which at the end of 4th week of human prenatal development is represented by an odd bud-shaped entity which departs with an acute angle from the ventral wall of the foregut and is located in front of foregut. The beginning of the 5th week of human prenatal development is considered to be a critical period, which holds intensive processes of organogenesis of the respiratory system and is a possible time for the occurrence of some congenital defects or anomalies and structural variants. Sources of pulmonary vessels are islands of intraorgan hematopoiesis and extraorgan main vessels, communication between which occurs during the end of 4th and at the start of 5th weeks of human prenatal development.

PS01.031: REVISITING THE ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION ANATOMY: WHERE IS THE INFRACARDIAC BURSA?

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Tatsuro Nakamura ◽  
Hisashi Shinohara ◽  
Tomoaki Okada ◽  
Shigeo Hisamori ◽  
Shigeru Tsunoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophagogastric Junction ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Transhiatal Approach ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background The infracardiac bursa (ICB), the closed space encountered in the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) surgery, is rarely described in anatomical atlases. The purpose of the study is to link surgery to embryology and propose the new anatomical chart including the ICB. Methods Histological serial sections of Carnegie stages (CS) 13–23 embryos and magnetic resonance (MR) images of the fetus with 43.5 mm crown-rump length from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos were examined for embryological changes in the ICB. Seventy-four surgery videos of laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagectomy were reviewed to investigate the appearance of the ICB and frequency of the recognition in surgery. Results The right pneumato-enteric recess appeared in CS13 embryos and the ICB was separated from the recess by the development of the diaphragm between CS17 and CS18 embryos and established as a closed space up until CS23. The three-dimensional reconstruction of fetus MR images showed the ICB was located adjacent nearly one third around the esophagus above the right crus. The ICB was clinically encountered in 12 of 14 (86%) transhiatal surgeries and 23 of 60 (38%) thoracic surgeries. Via the transhiatal approach, the caudal edge of the ICB appeared as a thick whitish membrane after the dissection of the phrenico-esophageal ligament and a closed space enveloped with a serosa was opened by the incision of the membrane. Via the right thoracic approach, the ICB appeared on the right crus after the dissection of the pulmonary ligament. Conclusion We described a new chart around EGJ including the ICB based on embryology. This anatomical chart can contribute to promote accuracy and safety of operating procedures around the EGJ. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

scholarly journals Features of Blood Supply to the Bones of the Lower Leg in the Ankle Joint Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
I. Yu. Oliinyk ◽  
◽  
O. V. Tsyhykalo ◽  
O. A. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Distal Metaphysis ◽  
Nutrient Foramina ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Upper Third

The purpose of the study was to investigate the topography of permeable (nutrition) arteries in the lower third of leg during human ontogenesis. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 30 specimens of human prefetuses and fetuses aged 3-9 months of prenatal development; 28 bone specimens of adult tibia and fibula and 27 series of computerized tomography scans of lower extremities of adults aged 21-72 were used. We have used a complex of methods for morphological research: anthropometry, morphometry, macromicroscopy, injections of blood vessels of X-ray contrasting mixtures, three-dimensional reconstruction and statistical analysis. Results and discussion. Cartilage osteogenesis occurs in the prefetal period of prenatal human development, in which blood vessels play a crucial morphofunctional role. During endochondral ossification of the tibia, the vessels of the bone cuff grow into the diaphysis of the cartilaginous model of the bone and osteogenic cells go beyond their limits. In the third trimester of prenatal development, blood vessels grow into the epiphyseal part of the cartilaginous model and an epiphyseal centre of ossification forms. Between the epiphysis and diaphysis centers of ossification, a metaphysical growth plate forms that develops intraosseous anastomosis between the diaphyseal and metaphysical blood vessels. In the metaphysis region, there are extra-skeletal anastomoses. Often, the insertion of nutrition arteries into the bone of the tibia is usually the middle third of bones (55%) and distal metaphysis (37%). In 10%, there were nutrition foramina in the upper third of the tibia. Three-dimensional reconstruction also clearly shows a more extensive and developed network of vessels in the bone marrow canal in metaphysical regions. In the middle third of the tibia and fibula, 1-3 nutrient foramina can be traced on most specimens. On the fibular, in addition to the posterior-medial localization of the nutrient arteries, there were variants with a "high" (above the metaphysis) placement of the entrance of the vessel into the bone substance. Conclusion. The most common places where arteries enter the bones of the lower leg are the middle third of the bones (55%) and the distal metaphysis (37%). In 10%, there were nutrient foramina in the upper third of the tibia. The three-dimensional reconstruction also clearly shows a more extensive and developed network of vessels in the bone marrow canal in metaphysical regions. During the postnatal period, we most often encountered the localization of nutritional arteries on the anterior-lateral surface of the tibia (23%), or their combination – the presence of both nutrient arteries on the posterior and medial bone surfaces (18.3%)

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF THE ORBIT MORPHOGENESIS AT AN EARLY PERIOD OF HUMAN ONTOGENESIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183
Author(s):  
Olexandr V. Tsyhykalo ◽  
Igor Yu. Oliinyk ◽  
Nataliya Ya. Kozariichuk ◽  
Larysa Ya. Fedoniuk ◽  
Lyudmila V. Fomina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Oblique Muscle ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Inferior Oblique Muscle ◽  
Human Ontogenesis ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Vascular Structures

The aim: To clarify the sources and determine the chronological sequence of the germs of anatomical structures of the orbit at the early period of human ontogenesis. Materials and methods: Using a complex of methods of morphological examination (morphometry, microscopy, three-dimensional computer reconstruction and statistical analysis) 30 series of consecutive histological sections of human embryos and prefetuses aged from 3 till 8 weeks od IUD (3.0-30.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length (PCL)) were studied. Results: At the 4rd week of IUD the orbital region is represented by the place of close contact of the neuroectoderm of the optic vesicle with the adjacent integumentary ectoderm, as well as the mesenchyme surrounding this place of contact. In embryos of 4.0 mm PCL, the rudiment of the optic stalk is observed as a result of the transformation of the junction of the area of the eye rudiment with the brain. Conclusions: 1. The rudiments of the organ of vision (lens placodes) appear in the 4rd week of IUD. At the 5th week of IUD as a result of gradual intussusception of crystalline placodes into the adjacent mesenchyme, lens pit are formed, and then – lens vesicles. 2. Rudiments of the extraocular muscles (except for the inferior oblique muscle) was detected at the end of the 5th week of IUD. The rudiment of the inferior oblique muscle develops from a single mesodermal islet located in the mesenchyme medially and below the eyeball. Simultaneously with the rudiments of the extraokular muscles, the trochlear and abductor nerves are develop and ingrown into the orbit. 3. The development of blood vessels of the orbit occurs from two sources – from the islands of local angiogenesis, which begins in the 5th week of IUD, and from extraorganic vessels, which can be traced in the form of a vascular network at the end of the 6th week of IUD. The combination of both sources is observed at the end of the 7th week of IUD. 4. The embryonic period of ontogenesis is the first critical period in the development of the human orbit, due to the formation of the muscles, nerve and vascular structures.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Robert Glaeser ◽  
Thomas Bauer ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

3-D reconstruction of molecular shape from microcrystal thin sections

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 748-749
Author(s):  
S. Cusack ◽  
J.-C. Jésior
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Shape ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Fourier Space ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Three-dimensional reconstruction techniques using electron microscopy have been principally developed for application to 2-D arrays (i.e. monolayers) of biological molecules and symmetrical single particles (e.g. helical viruses). However many biological molecules that crystallise form multilayered microcrystals which are unsuitable for study by either the standard methods of 3-D reconstruction or, because of their size, by X-ray crystallography. The grid sectioning technique enables a number of different projections of such microcrystals to be obtained in well defined directions (e.g. parallel to crystal axes) and poses the problem of how best these projections can be used to reconstruct the packing and shape of the molecules forming the microcrystal.Given sufficient projections there may be enough information to do a crystallographic reconstruction in Fourier space. We however have considered the situation where only a limited number of projections are available, as for example in the case of catalase platelets where three orthogonal and two diagonal projections have been obtained (Fig. 1).

Computer Assisted Image Reconstruction of Oligomer Structure

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
A.M. Jones ◽  
A. Max Fiskin
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Projection Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Computer Assisted Image ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Space Approach

If the tilt of a specimen can be varied either by the strategy of observing identical particles orientated randomly or by use of a eucentric goniometer stage, three dimensional reconstruction procedures are available (l). If the specimens, such as small protein aggregates, lack periodicity, direct space methods compete favorably in ease of implementation with reconstruction by the Fourier (transform) space approach (2). Regardless of method, reconstruction is possible because useful specimen thicknesses are always much less than the depth of field in an electron microscope. Thus electron images record the amount of stain in columns of the object normal to the recording plates. For single particles, practical considerations dictate that the specimen be tilted precisely about a single axis. In so doing a reconstructed image is achieved serially from two-dimensional sections which in turn are generated by a series of back-to-front lines of projection data.

Computer-aided methods for 3-D visualization of serial sections and thick biological specimens

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1060-1061
Author(s):  
Mark Ellisman ◽  
Maryann Martone ◽  
Gabriel Soto ◽  
Eleizer Masliah ◽  
David Hessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neuritic Plaque ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Structurally-oriented biologists examine cells, tissues, organelles and macromolecules in order to gain insight into cellular and molecular physiology by relating structure to function. The understanding of these structures can be greatly enhanced by the use of techniques for the visualization and quantitative analysis of three-dimensional structure. Three projects from current research activities will be presented in order to illustrate both the present capabilities of computer aided techniques as well as their limitations and future possibilities.The first project concerns the three-dimensional reconstruction of the neuritic plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. We have developed a software package “Synu” for investigation of 3D data sets which has been used in conjunction with laser confocal light microscopy to study the structure of the neuritic plaque. Tissue sections of autopsy samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease were double-labeled for tau, a cytoskeletal marker for abnormal neurites, and synaptophysin, a marker of presynaptic terminals.

The Three-dimensional structure of frozen-hydrated nudaurelia capensis β virus

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
N. H. Olson ◽  
T. S. Baker ◽  
Wu Bo Mu ◽  
J. E. Johnson ◽  
D. A. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Nudaurelia capensis β virus (NβV) is an RNA virus of the South African Pine Emperor moth, Nudaurelia cytherea capensis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). The NβV capsid is a T = 4 icosahedron that contains 60T = 240 subunits of the coat protein (Mr = 61,000). A three-dimensional reconstruction of the NβV capsid was previously computed from visions embedded in negative stain suspended over holes in a carbon film. We have re-examined the three-dimensional structure of NβV, using cryo-microscopy to examine the native, unstained structure of the virion and to provide a initial phasing model for high-resolution x-ray crystallographic studiesNβV was purified and prepared for cryo-microscopy as described. Micrographs were recorded ∼1 - 2 μm underfocus at a magnification of 49,000X with a total electron dose of about 1800 e-/nm2.

Visualisation of E. coli ribosomal RNA in situ by electron spectroscopic imaging and image averaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
Daniel Beniac ◽  
George Harauz
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microscopical Technique ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Image Averaging ◽  
Protein Components

The structures of E. coli ribosomes have been extensively probed by electron microscopy of negatively stained and frozen hydrated preparations. Coupled with quantitative image analysis and three dimensional reconstruction, such approaches are worthwhile in defining size, shape, and quaternary organisation. The important question of how the nucleic acid and protein components are arranged with respect to each other remains difficult to answer, however. A microscopical technique that has been proposed to answer this query is electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI), in which scattered electrons with energy losses characteristic of inner shell ionisations are used to form specific elemental maps. Here, we report the use of image sorting and averaging techniques to determine the extent to which a phosphorus map of isolated ribosomal subunits can define the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) distribution within them.

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