scholarly journals A produção textual em situação orientada e a noção de possível: considerações sobre a validade desta atividade

Author(s):  
Vivian Steyer

Apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa feita sobre a noção de "possível" e a produção textual em situação orientada, em classes de alfabetização de escola particular de Porto Alegre-RS, comparando os efeitos de duas modalidades diferentes de aplicação (quebra-cabeça e categorias gramaticais), em quatro anos letivos consecutivos. A sistemática proposta foi a formação de frases através de um número determinado de palavras dadas, em situação de teste, nas duas modalidades citadas. A seguir, analisou-se as frases formadas em relação ao número de palavras utilizadas, além de outras observações específicas. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitem afirmar que a aplicação da sistemática de categorias gramaticais favoreceu a formação de um maior número de frases, de frases com maior número de palavras e de formação por um maior número de crianças. Além disto, das duas sistemáticas, a das categorias gramaticais favoreceu a chegada à noção de "possível" em maior número de crianças do que a modalidade de quebra-cabeça. Houve também um resultado inesperado, a descoberta, pelas crianças, do aspecto lúdico da formação de frases na modalidade das categorias gramaticais. São apresentadas sugestões de variações e aprimoramentos para esta atividade didática e tecidas considerações sobre a sua validade. Finalmente, enfatiza-se a importância da atuação da professora alfabetizadora como pesquisadora em sua sala de aula. Abstract The present paper intends to present the results of a research about the notion of " possible" and the textual production in an orientated situation, in literacy grade in a private school of Porto Alegre (RS), comparing the effects of two different modalities of application (puzzles and grammatical categories), in four consecutive academic years. The systematic proposed was the formation of sentences by means of a determined number of given words, in a test situation, in the two mentioned modalities. After this, the sentences formed were analysed in relation to the number of the words utilized, and other specific observations. The results of this research permit to assert that the application of the grammatical category approach favoured the formation of a bigger number of sentences, of sentences with a bigger number of words and the formation of sentences by a bigger number of children. In addition, of the two approaches, that of the grammatical categories favoured the attainment of the notion of "possible''' by a bigger number of children than the puzzle's modality. There was, also, an unexpected result, the discovery, by the children, of the recreative aspect from the sentence formation, in the second modality, this is, that of the grammatical categories. There are presented proposals about variations and improvement for this didactic endeavours and expressed considerations about their worth. Finally, there are stressed the importance of the activity of the teacher of the beginners as researcher in the classroom. Résumé Cet article a l'intention de présenter les résultats d'une recherche faite sur la notion du "possible " et la production textuelle, en situation orientée, dans des classes d'alphabétisation d'une école particulière de Porto Alegre (RS), en comparant les effets de deux modalités différentes d'une application (casse-tête et catégories grammaticales) en quatre années scolaires consécutives. La systématique proposée a été la formation de phrases parmi un numéro déterminé de mots donnés, en situation d'essai, dans les deux modalités mentionnées. Ensuite, on a analysé les phrases faites par rapport au numéro de mots utilisés, au delà d'autres observations spécifiques. Les résultats de cette recherche permettent d'affirmer que l'application de la systématique de catégories grammaticales a favorisé la formation d'un numéro plus grand de phrases, de phrases avec un numéro plus grand de mots et de la formation par un numéro plus grand d'enfants. En outre, de deux systématiques, celle des catégories grammaticales a favorisé l'arrivée à la notion du "possible" dans un numéro plus grand d'enfants que la modalité du casse-tête. Il y a eu aussi un résultat inattendu, la découverte, par les enfants, du caractère joueur de la formation de phrases dans les catégories grammaticales. Ce sont présentées des suggestions des variations et des perfectionnements dans cette activité didactique aussi bien que des considérations sur sa validité. Finalement, on met en relief l'importance de l'action du professeur d'alphabétisation comme investigateur dans la salle de classe. Resumen Este artículo tiene por finalidad presentar los resultados de una investigación hecha acerca de la noción de lo "posible " y la producción textual en situación orientada, en clases de alfabetización de una escuela privada de Porto Alegre (RS), comparando los efectos de dos modalidades distintas de aplicación (rompecabezas y categorías gramaticales), en cuatro años lectivos sucesivos. La sistemática propuesta fué la formación de frases a través de un número determinado de palabras dadas, en situación de prueba, en las dos modalidades nombradas. A continuación, se han analisado las frases' formadas en relación con el número de palabras utilizadas, además de otras observaciones específicas. Los resultados de esta investigación permiten afirmar que la aplicación de la sistemática de categorías gramaticales favoreció la formación de un mayor número de frases, de frases con mayor número de palabras y de formación por un mayor número de niños. Además de las dos sistemáticas, la de las categorías gramaticales favoreció la llegada a la noción de "posible" en un mayor número de niños que la modalidad de rompecabezas. Hubo también un resultado inesperado, el descubrimiento, por los niños, del carácter juguetón de la formación de frases en la modalidad de categorías gramaticales. Son presentadas sugerencias de variaciones y perfeccionamientos en esta actividad didáctica y hechas consideraciones acerca de su validez. Por último, se acentua la importancia de la actuación de la profesora alfabetizadora como investigadora en su clase.

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Topanotti dos Santos de Mello ◽  
Norberto Dallabrida

Abstract This article aims to understand the school culture prescribed in the curricular plans sent to the Ministry of Education in 1959 to obtain authorization for experimental secondary classrooms in some schools of Porto Alegre (RS). Public schools proposed two different courses with nuclei of mandatory and elective subjects. The private school, directed to the female sex, defined only one school course, which consisted of mandatory and elective subjects, in addition to participation in clubs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nora Boneh ◽  
Łukasz Jędrzejowski

Abstract The main aim of this introduction article is to give a general overview of how habituality has been investigated in the literature as a grammatical category. In doing so, we first elaborate on the question of how habituality can be characterized and what difficulties one encounters in determining its properties, which include non-contingent modal event recurrence. A brief discussion of these issues is given in Section 2. Section 3 outlines selected (conceptual and formal) connections between habituality and other grammatical categories. What our observations essentially indicate is that habituality, on the one hand, closely interacts with several TAM categories, most prominently imperfective aspect and its derivatives (progressive, continuative), and also interacts in special ways with modal categories, such as the evidential or the future, on the other hand, we also observe – as has been done previously – that habituality is often not encoded overtly and can be expressed by several forms within one and the same language, and if overtly marked by a dedicated form, diachronically, it is not always stable. Finally, Section 4 summarizes the most relevant findings of the articles collected in the present special issue and highlights their importance for the general discussion about habituality.


2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 734-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIN CONWELL

AbstractOne strategy that children might use to sort words into grammatical categories such asnounandverbisdistributional bootstrapping, in which local co-occurrence information is used to distinguish between categories. Words that can be used in more than one grammatical category could be problematic for this approach. Using naturalistic corpus data, this study asks whether noun and verb uses of ambiguous words might differ prosodically as a function of their grammatical category in child-directed speech. The results show that noun and verb uses of ambiguous words in sentence-medial positions do differ from one another in terms of duration, vowel duration, pitch change, and vowel quality measures. However, sentence-final tokens are not different as a function of the category in which they were used. The availability of prosodic cues to category in natural child-directed speech could allow learners using a distributional bootstrapping approach to avoid conflating grammatical categories.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Eunice Nthenya Musyoka ◽  
Kenneth Odhiambo

This paper explores the challenges of non-equivalence at the grammatical categories in the Kĩkamba Bible translation. Translation involves rendering a source text message into the target text by using the register, background knowledge, and other language resources to meet the intended purpose. The process is hampered by non-equivalence, which occurs when a lexical item or an expression in the source language lacks an equivalent item to translate it into the target language. A descriptive research design was used to obtain information from a sampled population. The Bible is divided into two sections; the Old and the New Testament. It is further categorized into seven groups. Purposive sampling was used to select one book from each category and one chapter from each book to form the sample for the study. Data was collected through careful study of the English Revised Standard Version Bible to identify non-equivalences at the grammatical category level and the Kĩkamba Bible to analyse how it is handled, guided by Equivalence theory proposed by Nida and the Relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson). The study established four categories of non-equivalences at the grammatical category level; gender, number, person and case. According to the research non-equivalence at the grammatical level such as the third person singular and plural, the second person and pronouns in both subjective and objective case pose a challenge when the target language lacks a distinctive expression that is present in the source text, but appropriate strategies such as unit change, explicitation and specification meet the goal of translation. The study recommends that the translator needs to interpret what the categories represent in the context as a whole before translating the separate verses.  It is hoped that the research will be a contribution to applied linguistics in the area of translation, specifically on non-equivalence.


2018 ◽  
Vol VI (2) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Nino Sharashenidze ◽  

In the Georgian language, the verb paradigm is distributed among the forms of screeves (Shanidze). A screeve is a complex grammatical category which embraces the characteristics of tense, person, aspect, mood, permansive, resultative, perfect, evidentiality. The agglutinative nature of the language implies the existence of several grammatical meanings in one and the same verb form. The category of modality is expressed by means of adding modal elements to the verb form. The modal element expresses modal semantics, whereas the verb form bears the semantics of other grammatical categories. Thus, in Georgian, a modal construction embraces a combination of several grammatical peculiarities and semantics. The modal element is not usually found with all screeve forms. In order to express a modal content, different modal elements choose different screeves. The categories of tense and aspect are important features of the modal construction. The modal element unda is used with three screeves in Georgian: Present Subjunctive, Second Subjunctive and Second Resultative. Out of these, two are subjunctive mood forms, whereas the third one is the form of the indicative mood. However, as a result of weakening of the functions of the third subjunctive, the screeve of the second subjunctive has acquired numerous functions. One of such functions is to express modality in the past. Acquisition of modal constructions is an important part of language teaching. Modal constructions express the speaker’s attitude. In this regard, at a certain stage of language teaching these constructions are frequently addressed. It is very important for the learner to grasp the rules of formation of these constructions.


1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Poppe

Summary The grammatical category ‘declension’ cannot be applied to Welsh substantive nouns since they have one form only for the singular and the plural respectively. But some Welsh grammarians of the 16th and 17th centuries tried to use this category to classify substantive nouns by proposing new definitions, based on the system of plural formation (Robert 1567) or on the system of initial mutations (Rhys 1592; Salesbury 1593). The latter approach formed a short-lived ‘paradigm’ in Welsh grammaticography with a dynamism of its own. It became divorced from the classification of nouns only and was applied to all words which undergo initial mutations (Davies 1621). The history of the definitions of declension in Welsh grammaticography is thus an instructive example of the changes grammatical categories can undergo when applied to a specific vernacular and of the creativity of the vernacular grammarians.


2021 ◽  
pp. 74-76
Author(s):  
Anand M Hiremath ◽  
Vikneshan Vikneshan ◽  
Nivedita C B ◽  
H.G. Raju ◽  
Shruti S Vandakudri

Background:The assessment of oral health status of children in private school which followed dietary advice and the private school which did not follow dietary advice provide data on the oral health status of children from different socio-economic background. Aim:The aim of the following study is to assess and to compare the gingival status and caries experience between children from the private school which followed dietary advice and the private school which did not follow dietary advice in puducherry, INDIA Subjects and Methods:Retrospective cohort study design was done. Exposure status was the school following dietary advice and unexposed was not following. Random sampling was employed to select the study participants. Oral hygiene status, gingival status and caries experience was assessed and compared among 3 to 15-year-old children from the private school which followed dietary advice and the private school which did not follow dietary advice. The examination was carried out by trained and calibrated investigators using a mouth mirror and explorer under natural daylight Results: A total of 233 children (137 students from private school which did not follow dietary advice and 96 students from private school which followed dietary advice) were examined in the study. The mean decayed missing lled teeth were higher among private school children which did not follow dietary advice compared with private school which followed dietary advice children. A signicantly higher number of children in the private school which did not follow dietary advice had poor oral hygiene status, moderate to severe gingivitis and caries experience. Conclusion: The prevalence of oral diseases was relatively less among children from private schools which followed dietary advice in comparison with those from the private school which did not follow dietary advice.


1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSHEN SHI ◽  
JAMES L. MORGAN ◽  
PAUL ALLOPENNA

Maternal infant-directed speech in Mandarin Chinese and Turkish (two mother–child dyads each; ages of children between 0;11 and 1;8) was examined to see if cues exist in input that might assist infants' assignment of words to lexical and functional item categories. Distributional, phonological, and acoustic measures were analysed. In each language, lexical and functional items (i.e. syllabic morphemes) differed significantly on numerous measures. Despite differences in mean values between categories, distributions of values typically displayed substantial overlap. However, simulations with self-organizing neural networks supported the conclusion that although individual dimensions had low cue validity, in each language multidimensional constellations of presyntactic cues are sufficient to guide assignment of words to rudimentary grammatical categories.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdy A. Darwish ◽  
Shatha Z. Al-Zuhair

Objective. This study was conducted to estimate prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal pain disorders among secondary school Saudi female teachers in Al-Khobar area and the psychodemographic and psychosocial factors that may affect them. Material and Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted using sample of secondary schools teachers (governmental and private school) in Al-Khobar area, Saudi Arabia (KSA). Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Result. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders was 79.17%. Main sites of pain were lower back (63.8%) followed by shoulder (45.4%), neck (42.1%), leg (40.0%), wrist (16.2%), and elbow joint (10.0%). Factors that showed significant relationship were type of school (p value 0.038), age (p value 0.002), weight (p value 0.007), number of children (p value 0.006), shoe type (p value 0.000), teaching years (p value 0.003), and working daily hours (p value 0.027). Conclusion. Secondary school female teachers showed high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders in most anatomic sites, namely, the back, shoulder, neck, legs, wrist, and elbow joint. Risk factors associated with significant pain were type of school, age, weight, number of children, and number of teaching years.


2002 ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Daniella LAMAS CARDARELLO

RÉSUMÉ L'enfant est aujourd'hui au centre de l'attention au Brésil, en raison de la loi sur le « Statut de l'enfant et de l'adolescent », promulguée en 1990. Si cette loi garantit à l'enfant ou à l'adolescent le droit d'« être élevé et éduqué au sein de sa propre famille », elle exige aussi que la réalisation de ses droits à la santé, à l'éducation, à la nourriture, au loisir, etc., lui soit assurée. Plusieurs intervenants qui travaillent dans les domaines de l'assistance à l'enfance considèrent que les familles des milieux défavorisés sont « négligentes » à l'égard de leurs enfants parce qu'elles ne remplissent pas cette obligation. Pour cette raison, ces intervenants peuvent, pour le bien des enfants, les retirer de leur famille d'origine. À partir d'une étude réalisée à Porto Alegre, l'article analyse les voies par lesquelles la justification du placement pour motif « socio-économique », telle qu'elle existait il y a dix ans, s'est transformée en justification pour « négligence » après 1990. Ainsi, on invoque aujourd'hui la défense des droits des enfants pour justifier leur hébergement en institution, au détriment des droits des familles. Si l'enfant est devenu, par la loi, un « citoyen », ses parents, eux, semblent avoir cessé de l'être.


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