Structural Transactional Analysis: Ego Selves and Ego States - Cause-Effect and Interventions

This article identifies the physiological, neurological, and psychological determinants that arise from constraints imposed by both genetic and environmental factors, originating human behaviours. The determinants, called Ego Selves, that organise the phenomena that Eric Berne classified, structured, conceptualised, and defined to mould transactional analysis and design instruments to assist professionals and patients to adjust behaviours, are analysed. A different form of presenting the adapted Child, differentiating it from Berne’s model where the adapted Child is shown as a part of the natural Child, is presented. Parent-Adapted Child, and the Adult ego states, adjusting their manifestation and organization to the physiological development of their corres-ponding ego self, are identified, proposing that the Adapted Child is a part of the Parent ego state. Contamination is reviewed and adjusted for cons-istency between cause and effect, identifying that the contaminated ego state is the Parent ego state, creating a delusion based on injunctions that generate an illusion in the adapted Child portion of it which in turn causes the natural child’s emotional reaction, considerably limiting the Adult ego state's capabilities to intervene. Script analysis is reviewed and organised indicating that the script is a life plan initiated at conception and ending at death, and that it is indispensable for survival, having adequate and inadequate segments that may limit lifespan and quality of life. Occurrences, neurophysiological factors, and memories involved in their development and implementation are also identified. Suggestions and examples for the integrated development of intervention strategies and tactics to adjust behaviours and fulfil contracts are presented in the corresponding section.

Non-Financial Support Provided to Parents in Stepfamilies: Empirical Examination of Europeans 50+

The aging of the population, coupled with increasing divorce and remarriage rates, are changing the structure of potential non-financial support for older parents. The purpose of this study was to examine support provided to parents aged 50+ in stepfamilies and to determine if the difference existed between help provided by natural children and stepchildren. The primary objective was to investigate whether blood ties were a significant determinant of the support if the quality of the relationship between the parent and a natural child or a stepchild was taken into account. The secondary objective was to answer the question to what extent the reciprocal exchange motive of support was observed in stepfamilies. The probability of non-financial support from children and stepchildren was estimated based on the sixth wave of the SHARE (Survey on Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe) database for European countries. Children in stepfamilies provided less non-financial help to parents than those in intact families. Stepchildren were less likely to be in stepparents’ social networks, and stepparents provided less help with childcare for grandchildren than they did to their biological children. Relationship closeness and looking after grandchildren increased the probability of non-financial support to older parents, regardless of whether the donor was a natural child or a stepchild.

Childhood drawing: The making of a deficit aesthetic

This article introduces and explores the concept of the deficit aesthetic. Particular attention is given to how the deficit aesthetic was made and the extent to which it continues to be sustained in early art education, especially in the United States. For many children, particularly at this time, the deficit aesthetic factors as yet another lingering obstacle to negotiate, one that re-centers the assumption of childhood drawing as a neutral practice for a natural child. As an interpretive frame, the deficit aesthetic distorts the experience of drawing by disempowering the child, decontextualizing their drawing, and re-prioritizing white Western and middle-class subjectivities.

Hak Mewaris Anak Luar Kawin Berdasarkan Pengangkatan oleh Kakeknya Menurut Hukum Waris Adat Bali

This study discussed the Balinese customary law regarding the position and inheritance rights of natural children who were adopted by their grander. This study used an empirical legal study, which was a method of legal study that sought to see and examine the law can work in people’s lives. The results of the study showed that the adoption of a natural child by his grandfather was legal according to Balinese customary law, the position of a natural child adopted by his grandfather was the same as his biological child. State law only had a role to strengthen the prevailing customary law. The right to inherit natural children who were adopted by their grandfathers were the same as biological children, including the inheritance of their rights and obligations both as a child and as a member of an indigenous village community.

The Challenge is «Now” and «In the Future” for Bioenergetic Analysis

Alexander Lowen developed his theory by observing what happened in the evolution of the child and in the construction of his/her defenses. Character defenses block vitality and therefore we could define «vitality” as the procedural memory of our «natural child” who, in the course of their development, has created so many characterological adaptations. Vitality is blocked because it is disorganized by developmental traumas that prevent the natural process of adaptation generated by a loss of love and by attachment disorders. So, working with the life force becomes the center of the therapeutic process, since our vitality is blocked by disorganized defenses that we could consider to be real post-traumatic stress syndromes. Rebuilding «safe relationships” becomes fundamental to create that energy field in which the individual can experience his/her «asleep” vitality. The therapist must be able to convey bonds of attachment that can connect the patient to both humanity and to nature. The therapeutic relationship explores the nature of these bonds, which is fundamentally sensory and emotional, intrinsically «intelligent”, as guided by profound regulatory processes.

Contexts

Child figures in tragedy have been largely ignored by scholarship because of an ideological blind spot, the theory of the ‘Universal’ or ‘Natural’ Child which presupposed that all children could be studied in similar ways, regardless of their historical or sociological context. Aristotelian analysis of tragedy has similarly ignored children, and these trends have continued in scholarship despite the growth of childhood studies. Despite their limited action and speech, children are frequently important characters in tragedy. This chapter outlines the range of material to be discussed (plays, playwrights, and characters) and outlines a suggested paradigm shift which enables more effective analysis and appreciation of child roles.

LEGISLASI ANAK BIOLOGIS

Natural child only have a nasab from his mother. Constitutional Court No.46/PUU- VIII/2010 add a child outside of marriage also connected to the biological father in civil. This provision aims to provide fair legal protection and certainty about child born. But, Indonesian Religious Leader (MUI) provide fatwa No 11/2012 about the position of the natural child and the treatment of it. This research will discuss about Hadith study is related to biological child legislation and legal content in it. The type of research is yuridis-normative. This research analizes law phenomena with nash, hadits and opinion of fiqh scholars about that. The Research result is HR.Abu Daud- 2266, HR.Bukhari ke-6319, HR.Bukhari- 4903 talk about natural child has nasab to the mother only. Next, HR.Bukhari ke-1271 about a child is always born with fitrah and can’t accept guilt of his parents. Jumhur scholars besides Hanafiyyah agreed about natural child has nasab with mother’s. But, Hanafiyyah is explain natural child have conecting nasab with biological father because his father and profeble.

Goethe’s contribution to philosophy: the morphology of individuality

In this essay, I will discuss a variety of considerations that Goethe expressed in his writings. I will with few exceptions address these writings in chronological order. I include both literary and scientific-philosophical works. In this way I hope to show that a certain theme is at the heart of Goethe’s thinking, and that Goethe’s later works expresses a sophisticated and “deep” account of this theme. In addition, I will try to explain how one can ascribe this Goethean theme to major philosophers of the twentieth century – Cassirer, Merleau-Ponty, and Wittgenstein. The theme in question concerns the individuality of a human life in a metaphysical sense, characterizing the individual as situated “in between” Nature and Culture. By being both a child of Nature and a child of Culture, the fate of individuals is the transformation of previously given human concerns and practices. There never is a natural child nor a cultural formation securing human individuality. In Goethe’s words: The history of an individual human being is the individual human being. “Die Geschichte der Wissenschaft ist die Wissenschaft selbst, die Geschichte des Individuums, das Individuum”. See Hamacher (2010, 182). Hamacher’s book has been a major source for me!