scholarly journals 從佛教倫理學看待器官移植問題: 淨土宗的觀點

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-95
Author(s):  
Bin ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Pure Land Buddhism ◽  
Cadaver Organ

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.器官移植的問題是當代生命倫理學的一個重要問題。如果從人類自身利益出發，這種被視為拯救危重病人生命的技術，的確是醫學科學的進步，但它涉及的社會倫理道德問題十分廣泛。如果從佛教倫理學——淨土宗的觀點出發，即以緣起論來認識屍體器官移植，則認為器官移植會使死者因強烈的痛苦而生嗔惱，障礙死者往生淨土；佛教的生死分際的判定標準——阿陀那識執受根身則認為腦死亡概念是由於器官移植術而產生的“腦死”名詞。另外，佛教的護生觀和平等觀反對異種移植和器官商業化。站在佛法的角度，器官移植不僅有違“眾生平等”的精神，而且可能成為“殺生利器”。The problem of organ transplantation is an important issue in contemporary bioethics. From the vantage point of view of benefiting the human life, organ transplantation can be seen as lifesaving technology and a sign of a great progress of medical science. Nevertheless, organ transplantation involves profound ethical dimensions and ambiguities. This paper offers a study of organ transplantation from the perspective of Pure Land Buddhism. Shall then employ the Buddhist theories such as dependant origination, karma, reincarnation, and compassion to approach issues regarding cadaver organ transplantation, brain death, xeno-transplantation, and organ trading. Since Buddhist tradition holds the view that the consciousness does not leave the body that is pronounced dead immediately, it would be a problem if the organ is removed from “the dead,” which might interrupt the final destination of rebirth. The paper concludes that organ transplantation is a kind of human technology that violates the basic spirit of Buddhism.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 527 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Taixu

Buddhism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Thich Nhat Hanh ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Times ◽  
Material Studies ◽  
Humanistic Buddhism

During the revolutionary period in which China moved from imperial rule to republicanism, many new political leaders deprecated all religion as superstition and urged the government to confiscate religious property for new secular use. While many traditionalist religious leaders simply sought to counter such moves, some, such as Taixu (b. 1890–d. 1947), were more progressive. Agreeing that Buddhism in China had fallen behind the times, Taixu worked and wrote to help Buddhists create new organizations and bring their teachings and practices more into line with the needs of the modern world. Perhaps more than anything else, he is known as the founder of a form of Buddhism called “Buddhism for Human Life” (rensheng fojiao) and “Buddhism for the Human Realm” (renjian fojiao), terms often rendered into English both as “Engaged Buddhism” and “Humanistic Buddhism.” Only recently have scholars begun to acknowledge that Taixu kept much of the Buddhist tradition intact even as he tried to reorient it toward engagement with contemporary social and political problems. However, his successors (Such as Sheng Yen and Thich Nhat Hanh) have moved even further away from premodern concepts and “escapist” goals in order to focus Buddhist attention on this-worldly issues such as environmental degradation, women’s issues, and human rights. Because of the increased recent attention to the more traditional elements of Taixu’s Buddhist belief and practice, those who use the items in the following bibliography for research should pay attention to the date of the material. Studies published prior to 1990 will invariably present Taixu strictly as a modernizer and declare wrongly that he opposed such things as ritualism and Pure Land devotions, and place him in opposition to another Buddhist faction labeled “traditionalist” or “conservative.” More recent studies will note his own devotion to Maitreya and aspiration for rebirth in that future buddha’s abode, his rich ritual life, and his friendly relations with many of those deemed “conservative.” To date, not many studies on Taixu have appeared, and so the following bibliography is not extensive.

scholarly journals The Maximus of Necessity and Its Application to Organ Transplantation: An Islamic Bioethical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-524
Author(s):  
Fazli Dayan ◽  
Mian Muhammad Sheraz ◽  
Abu Kholdun Al Mahmood ◽  
Sharmin Islam
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Western World ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Other World

Islam is second largest religion being practiced around the globe. It is fastest growing believe and rapidly expanding in the western world despite several misunderstanding including Islamic standpoint on organ transplantation and tissue grafting. The objective of this study is to determine the Islamic view point on organ transplantation and tissue grafting with special reference pertaining to human needs under the ambit of Shariah doctrine of necessity and world religions. Since, Islam and other world religions have given immense consideration to humans whether they are alive or dead, and the desecration of human body is considered a violation sufficed to a great sin. Injunctions of the holy Quran and Sunnah have evidently expressed sanctity to human life/body. Hence, taking one’s life without a legal rights or even inflicting any sort of harm, injury, and aggression against an individual is terming an unlawful act. Notably, some scholars contended that, classical jurists’ are silent on the issue of organ transplantation predominantly the transfer of organs from one species to another species. But, in reality, our argument is that, the organ re-plantation can be seen in the Prophetic era. However, as per their view, the reason is obvious, since the organ transplantation associated with the advancement of science. Accordingly, the recent progress in transplant sciences were not totally known to the classical jurists, although, issues pertaining to the sale of human organs have been discussed by them (jurists). Similarly, many other innovative matters can be seen in Prophetic traditions, and that is why, as per jurist’s assertion, it can practically be traced in the Prophetic era.Consequently, this study argues that, the permissibility of organ donation and transplantation somehow mentioned in the main sources of Islamic law and biomedical ethics. Therefore, the basis and rules of permissibility will be derived while discussing organ transplantation, particularly in homo, allotransplant and other inter-related issues under the rubric of necessity doctrine. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.511-524

scholarly journals Application of Gadamerian Hermeneutics in Medicine based on the Meaning of Mulla Sadra's Truth

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Yousef Kheire ◽  
Seyyed Mohammad Amin Madayen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Mulla Sadra ◽  
Patient At Risk ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

Hermeneutics has been introduced as a science of Tafsīrand Ta’wīland this science emphasizes human understanding. Various fields related to the fields of human life and human civilization are the fields of study of this science. the different realms of hermeneutics in the field of medical science requires special delicacy and precision; because any inconsistency of the doctor's understanding with the truth of the disease puts the patient at risk of death. The present article, by descriptive and analytical methods, has applied Gadamerian hermeneutics based on Mulla Sadra's explanation of the truth with the topics of medical hermeneutics. Gadamerian method of medical hermeneutics has paid special attention to understanding the disease due to the importance of human life, and according to this method, both the physician and the patient participate in achieving the nature of the disease according to a dialogical and two-way model. Understanding the truth of the disease follows understanding the truth of the human body; and since the truth of the body, according to Mulla Sadra, depends on the truth of the soul and it also depends on the origin of the universe, which has infinite perfections, then the truth of the human body is unlimited. In short, the physician and the patient proceed through a dialogical relationship to a layer-by-layer understanding of the truth of the disease.

scholarly journals Los orígenes, difusión y conexiones interreligiosas en torno a las cuentas de oración: un caso de estudio de la evangelización de Japón

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-247
Author(s):  
Rie Arimura
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Asian Religions ◽  
Pure Land Buddhism ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Jodo Shinshu

Praying with a string of beads is not exclusive to Catholicism. Various Asian religions have had a similar tradition since before the advent of Christ. This paper addresses the parallels between different religious traditions, as well as the origin, formation and spread of the Holy Rosary and its variants called “crowns.” It also analyzes the intersections between Buddhist and Catholic prayer traditions during the period of the evangelization of Japan (1549-1639). To this end, it draws on a theoretical framework aimed at interpreting the acceptance of Christianity from the point of view of ordinary people, by comparing the similarities and differences between the beliefs, practices, and organizational structure of popular Buddhism (in particular, Jōdo-shū and Jōdo-Shinshū, branches of Pure Land Buddhism) and those of Catholicism.

Ethical issues in Kidney Transplantation and “An” Islamic perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yousuf Rathor ◽  
Azarisman SM Shah ◽  
Nur Raziana Bt Rozi ◽  
Che Rosle Draman ◽  
Wan Ahmad Syahril
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Living Kidney Donor

Kidney transplantation (KT) is currently the most realistic treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as it enables them to live longer and provides better quality of life post-transplantation. Before the 1960s, all these patients would die as there was no treatment available. It is the commonest solid organ transplantation carried out in the world at the moment. Organs are harvested from living or cadaveric donors, with living kidney donor organs generally functioning better and for longer periods of time compared to the latter. Issues surrounding organ transplantation in general and kidney transplantation in particular, are fraught with ethical dilemmas due to the shortage of organs, the logistics behind the acquisition of organs, use of living donors including minors and the black market that has sprouted thereof. Entwined in this quagmire are the legal, social and psychological consequences for the individuals involved and the society at large. It is further compounded by religious concerns, which have a significant influence on the society’s acceptance of the practice of organ donation. The practice of organ transplantation is generally accepted by most Islamic scholars as it is concordant to the objectives of Islamic Law (maqasid al Sharī’ah) which prioritize the preservation of human life. However, resistances do arise from some jurists and even physicians of the same Islamic faith despite a fatwas decreeing that organ and tissue transplantations are permissible in Islam under certain conditions. The take-up of organ-donation is still largely poor especially among Muslims. This article therefore hopes to explore the various moral and ethical issues surrounding KT as well as the Islamic viewpoints emanating from it. We hope that this knowledge and understanding will benefit both health-care personnel and the public in general. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.241-249

A Comparison between Brain Death and Unstable Life: Shi'ite Perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Nazari Tavakkoli
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Definition Of Death ◽  
Advanced Medical Technology ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Successful Transplantation

Death comes to us all. It is a reality that grips us all because we become separated from our loved ones. In all cultures, there is the hope that when death comes, it will be swift and will allow us to depart without prolonged suffering. There is also a social dimension to this inevitable event in human life: we hope that our death will not force hardship on family and friends, making them pay both financially and emotionally due to an uncertain condition that is created by a lingering spirit that does not sever its ties to the body. It is at such moments that we realize the importance of having a clear definition of death.Brain death as a way of measuring when death comes is an issue that has recently been under scrutiny throughout the world of medicine, but it has also been hotly debated in Islamic jurisprudence as well. Thanks to advanced medical technology, it has now become possible to transplant body organs of a person suffering from brain death into the body of a needy ill person, but for the most part, successful transplantation must take place before the emergence of traditional death symptoms. Physicians and ethicists have struggled with the difficulty in offering a medical definition for brain death. The question that has arisen for Muslim jurists is whether, from the point of view of Islamic jurisprudence, someone suffering from brain death should be considered as dead for purposes of permitting transplantation of organs, or whether Muslims must treat a brain-dead patient as a living person from a legal and ethical perspective.

scholarly journals Basic Biology of Hypoxic Responses Mediated by the Transcription Factor HIFs and Its Implication for Medicine

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiichi Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Oxygen Homeostasis ◽  
Multiple Organs

Oxygen (O2) is essential for human life. Molecular oxygen is vital for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in human cells. O2 deficiency leads to a reduction in the energy levels that are required to maintain biological functions. O2 acts as the final acceptor of electrons during oxidative phosphorylation, a series of ATP synthesis reactions that occur in conjunction with the electron transport system in mitochondria. Persistent O2 deficiency may cause death due to malfunctioning biological processes. The above account summarizes the classic view of oxygen. However, this classic view has been reviewed over the last two decades. Although O2 is essential for life, higher organisms such as mammals are unable to biosynthesize molecular O2 in the body. Because the multiple organs of higher organisms are constantly exposed to the risk of “O2 deficiency,” living organisms have evolved elaborate strategies to respond to hypoxia. In this review, I will describe the system that governs oxygen homeostasis in the living body from the point-of-view of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).

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