Basaveswara and Thoreau: A Comparative Study of Their Religious Thought

IJOHMN ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basavaraj Naikar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Improvement ◽  
Social Reformer ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Social Betterment ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
The Way

That great men think alike is borne out by a comparative study of the religious thought and philosophy of Basaveswara, a twelfth century mystic and social reformer of Karnataka, India and Thoreau, a nineteenth century American Transcendentalist. Although there is a time gap of seven centuries and a spatial gap of about three thousand miles between them countries and background the ideas propounded by them are so similar that one feels that either of them must have copied from the other. But they did not know each other by any chance whatever. But they were placed in similar circumstances though not the same ones. Some of the similarities in their views may be studied at some length in the following paragraphs. Inner Purity The concept of inner purity is common to both Basaveswara and Thoreau. They insist upon the subjective improvement which automatically paves the way for objective or social betterment. Both of them attach an extraordinary importance to inner purity as they associate it with the principle of divinity in man. Inner purity should be simultaneous with the external purity. As Basaveswara says in one of his vacanas or mystic utterances: You shall not steal,

Anna Karenina: The Dialectic of Prophecy

PMLA ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-282
Author(s):  
David H. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moby Dick ◽  
Anna Karenina ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

One of the most impressive features of Anna Karenina is the way in which Tolstoy draws the reader's imagination beyond the literal level of the narrative into generalizations that seem mythical in a manner difficult to articulate. With Dostoevsky or Melville, one sees immediately a propensity for exploiting the symbolic value of things. With Tolstoy, things try, as it were, to resist conversion: they strive to maintain their “thingness” as empirical entities. A character in Dostoevsky is usually only half man; the other half is Christ or Satan. Moby Dick is obviously only half whale; the other half is Evil or some principle of Nature. But Anna Karenina is emphatically Anna Karenina. Like almost all of Tolstoy's characters, she has a proficiency in the husbandry of identity; she jealously hoards her own unique reality, so that it becomes difficult to say of her that she is a “type” of nineteenth-century Russian lady or a “symbol” of modern woman or an “archetypical” Eve or Lilith.

The Influence of Roman Law

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
The Law ◽  
Civil Science

Centuries of Roman jurisprudence were assembled in the great Byzantine collection, the Digest, by Tribonian and the other editors. Roman law became more formal when during the Renaissance of the twelfth century it came to be taught in the first universities, starting with Bologna and the teaching of Irnerius. The main channels of expansion were through the Glossators and post-Glossators, who commented on the main texts and on later legislation by the Holy Roman Emperors, which included “feudal law,” but also by notaries and other proto-lawyers. Christian doctrine also became part of the “Roman” tradition, and canon and civil law were taught together in the universities as “civil science.” According to the ancient Roman jurist Gaius, “all the law which we use pertains either to persons or to things or to actions,” three categories that exhaust the external human condition—personality, reality, and action. In the nineteenth century, the study of Roman law lost its ideological power and became part of philology and history, at least so concludes James Whitman.

scholarly journals From Baranowski to Baranauskas, from James to Ngũgĩ: Post-Colonial Aspects of Linguistic Switch

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-245
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowiec
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contemporary Fiction ◽  
Post Colonial

The article attempts to perform a comparative study of the phenomenon of the so-called linguistic switch, i.e., a change of languages in which the writer creates his/her works. One side of the analysis focuses on nineteenth-century Lithuanian poets, represented mainly by Antanas Baranauskas, and the other on the contemporary Kenyan prose writer Ngu˜g˜ wa Thiong’o. The juxtaposition of ı such extremely distant authors: 1. allows a better understanding of the specificity of multilingualism in both eighteenth-century Lithuanian literature and contemporary fiction; 2. proves once again the universality of postcolonial sensitivity; 3. constitutes an attempt at comparative thinking in the context of world literature.

"Constantly in Motion

Transfers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Frederike Felcht
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Material World ◽  
Geographical Mobility ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

In the nineteenth century, a significant change in the modern infrastructures of travel and communications took place. Hans Christian Andersen's (1805-1875) literary career reflected these developments. Social and geographical mobility influenced Andersen's aesthetic strategies and autobiographical concepts of identity. This article traces Andersen's movements toward success and investigates how concepts of identity are related to changes in the material world. The movements of the author and his texts set in motion processes of appropriation: on the one hand, Andersen's texts are evidence of the appropriation of ideas and the way they change by transgressing social spheres. On the other hand, his autobiographies and travelogues reflect how Andersen developed foreign markets by traveling and selling the story of a mobile life. Capturing foreign markets brought about translation and different appropriations of his texts, which the last part of this essay investigates.

scholarly journals “The Sixth Sense”: Towards a History of Muscular Sensation

Gesnerus ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-271
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Knowledge ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Active Subject ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Senses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

This paper outlines the history of knowledge about the muscular sense and provides a bibliographic resource for further research. A range of different topics, questions and approaches have interrelated throughout this history, and the discussion clarifies this rather than presenting detailed research in any one area. P art I relates the origin of belief in a muscular sense to empiricist accounts of the contribution of the senses to knowledge from Locke, via the idéologues and other authors, to the second half of the nineteenth century. Analysis paid much attention to touch, first in the context of the theory of vision and then in its own right, which led to naming a distinct muscular sense. From 1800 to the present, there was much debate, the main lines of which this paper introduces, about the nature and function of what turned out to be a complex sense. A number of influential psycho-physiologists, notably Alexander Bain and Herbert Spencer, thought this sense the most primitive and primary of all, the origin of knowledge of world, causation and self as an active subject. Part II relates accounts of the muscular sense to the development of nervous physiology and of psychology. In the decades before 1900, t he developing separation of philosophy, psychology and physiology as specialised disciplines divided up questions which earlier writers had discussed under the umbrella heading of muscular sensation. The term ‘kinaesthesia’ came in 1880 and ‘proprio-ception’ in 1906. There was, all the same, a lasting interest in the argument that touch and muscular sensation are intrinsic to the existence of embodied being in the way the other senses are not. In the wider culture – the arts, sport, the psychophysiology of labour and so on – there were many ways in which people expressed appreciation of the importance of what the anatomist Charles Bell had called ‘the sixth sense’.

An English Gallican: Henry Holden, (1596/7–1662) Part I (To 1648)

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony F. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
The Catholic Church

THE writings of the seventeenth-century English theologian, Henry Holden, played a small but significant part in the development of western religious thought in the centuries following his death. His most important work, Divinae fidei analysis, first printed in Latin at Paris in 1652 and afterwards translated and published in English, was several times reprinted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and was later incorporated in two theological collections, J. P. Migne's Theologiae cursus completus (tom.6, 1839), and Josef Braun's Bibliotheca regularum fidei (tom.2, 1844). It influenced the thinking, in the nineteenth century, not only of avowed liberals such as Dôllinger and Acton, but also, in some degree, of moderate progressives like Newman. In recent years, specialist studies on different aspects of Holden's thought have appeared in English and in French. So far, however, no serious attempt has been made to revise his bibliography: we still have to rely, in large measure, on that published by Joseph Gillow more than a century ago. In this article I want to bring together material that has come to light since Gillow's time and to examine Holden's works afresh against the background of his life and the religious and political developments in England and France at that period. I shall devote particular attention to two themes that run through all his work. One is gallicanism, that amalgam of mediaeval theories limiting the authority of the papacy in relation to secular states and their rulers and national churches and their bishops. It will be seen that plans which Holden advanced in the 1640s for the reform of the Catholic Church in England along gallican lines are based largely on ideas developed in his Divinaefidei analysis published a few years later. The other is his analytical and critical approach to doctrine, aiming always to distinguish truths solidly based on Scripture and tradition from the mere speculations of theologians. It is an approach that had been made popular in France by the Catholic controversialist, François Véron, whose Régula fidei catholicae was first published at Paris in 1644 when Holden was probably already at work on his Divinae fidei analysis. It reveals itself in all Holden's writings and distinguishes him from many of the other Catholic apologists who were drawn into controversy with the Anglican divines of the post-Chillingworth era.

The "Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence” and its Relation to the “Reordering of the Universe” in Daesoon Thought

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-82
Author(s):  
Taesoo Kim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
New School ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Religious Body ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

This study is an attempt to show the religious implications of the central tenet of the “resolution of grievances for mutual beneficence” in Daesoon thought in relation to its other tenet of the “harmonious union between divine beings and human beings.” This new school of religious thought developed as the main idea of Daesoon Jinrihoe (“The Fellowship of Daesoon Truth”), established at the end of nineteenth century in Korea by Kang Jeungsan, who is known as a “Holy Master” or “Sangje.” Upon receiving a calling to perpetuate religious orthodoxy from Sangje Kang, Doju Jo Jeongsan launched the Mugeuk Do religious body and constructed a Yeongdae—a sacred building at which the 15 Great Deities were enshrined. He then laid down the “four tenets” of Daesoon thought and issued the Declaration of the Propagation of Dao, which was said to show followers the way to seek the soul in the mind.

Mkwawa and the Hehe Wars

1968 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Redmayne
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Lake Tanganyika ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
The People ◽  
German Authority ◽  
The Way

The Hehe now live mainly in the Iringa and Mufundi districts of Tanzania. Little is known of their early history before the mid-nineteenth century, when chief Munyigumba of Ng'uluhe extended his rule over the other chiefdoms of the Usungwa highlands and central plateau of Uhehe. By his death in ca. 1878 he had also won important victories against the chiefs of Utemikwila, Usangu and Ungoni.After Munyigumba/s death the Hehe suffered a temporary set-back when Mwambambe, who had been a subordinate ruler under Munyigumba, tried to usurp the chiefship, killed Munyigumba's younger brother and caused one of his sons, Mkwawa, to flee to Ugogo. However, eventually Mwambambe was killed in battle against Mkwawa, and his surviving followers, whom he had recruited from Kiwele, fled. By 1883, when Giraud visited Uhehe, Mkwawa was the unchallenged ruler of his father/s lands, and under him the Hehe, who had only recently acquired political unity, had extraordinary military success. Their most important raids were on the caravan route which ran from Bagamoyo on the coast to Lake Tanganyika. By 1890 these raids were a threat to German authority and a major obstacle in the way of colonization and the development of trade. In spite of the Germans' effort to make peace with them, the Hehe persisted in attacking caravans and the people who had submitted to the Germans so, in 1891, a German expedition was sent to Uhehe. This was ambushed and defeated by the Hehe, who then continued their raids, causing the Germans to return in 1894 with a larger expedition and destroy the Hehe fort. Chief Mkwawa may have attempted suicide in the fort, but he was persuaded to flee and then maintained his resistance to the Germans until 1898 when he shot himself to avoid capture. The Hehe then submitted to the Germans. Mkwawa's own determination not to surrender was a very important factor in the long struggle. During this war the Germans acquired a respect for the Hehe which has affected the way that the Hehe have been regarded and treated ever since.

Heralds and Copyists: The Relationship between Three Thirteenth-Century Rolls of Arms

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard J. Brault
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

SummaryA comparative study of three thirteenth-century rolls of arms, the Heralds' Roll, the Dering Roll, and the Camden Roll, shows the extent to which the first was copied in the preparation of the other two. Light is also thrown on the way in which heraldic copyists worked and on the identity and nature of early armorial bearings.

scholarly journals Resistansi terhadap Objectification dalam Novel Mash-Up Pride and Prejudice and Zombies dari Novel Klasik Pride and Prejudice

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Cindy Belinda Ramadhanty
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Jane Austen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Period ◽  
As If ◽  
The Way

This study deals with objectification, especially towards Elizabeth Bennet (Lizzy), in the classic novel Pride and Prejudice (1813) and the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009) which were written by Jane Austen and Seth Grahame-Smith. This study aims to examine how the resistance towards objectification is pictured in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies using Nussbaum’s theory of objectification. As a comparative study, there are some things that will be compared in this study, such as the different time period when both novels were first published, the way the authors pictured objectification, and the addition of zombie in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. This study uses qualitative method with comparative literature as the approach. The result of this study concludes that Lizzy is objectified by Mr. Collins in terms of instrumentality, fungibility, ownership, and denial of subjectivity. The addition of zombie in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies implies as if there is a resistance towards objectification, with Lizzy having the skills of a warrior, while in fact the objectification is real as experienced by Lizzy. In the perspective of comparative literature, mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies tends to have ambivalence even though it is published in postmodern era. On one hand, Lizzy is able to defend herself from zombie, on the other hand, she still falls victim to the objectification done by Mr. Collins. In other words, the resistance towards objectification in the mash-up novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is not able to protect Lizzy from the objectification done by Mr. Collins.

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