scholarly journals STUDI EFEKTIVITAS VAKSIN INFLUENZA: UPDATED REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Abednego Kristande Gwiharto ◽  
Cecep Suhandi ◽  
Cheryl Alodya ◽  
Rano K. Sinurya
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Type A ◽  
High Income ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Influenza is caused by a rapidly mutating viruse that consists of 2 types, namely type A with the H1N1 and H3N2 genotypes and type B. Influenza caused global mortality with 250,000-500,000 death in 2009. The effectiveness of vaccines also changes regarding the mutation of influenza viruses, however, in the development and utilization of influenza vaccines should be supported by the economic status of a country. Up to now, there are many countries that have not prioritized the utilization of influenza vaccines. The target of influenza vaccination are children and adults (> 60 years old). The purpose of this review was to determine the effectiveness of influenza vaccines from various countries and categorized based on their income. This review used Medline, Elsevier, and BMC Public Health as the database with the keywords "Effectiveness" and "Influenza vaccine". Then, the articles are selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on the initial search there are 784 articles that match the keywords, and only 13 articles met the criteria. These articles are classified based on the center of the study in order to classify based on their national income; 5 studies in high income countries, 5 studies in upper-middle income countries, 3 studies in lower-middle income countries, and 1 study in low income countries. The results showed that the administration of influenza vaccine in high income and upper-middle income countries is quite effective for type A H1N1 genotypes, where as H3N2 is less effective. In the lower-middle income countries, the utilization of vaccines with type A H3N2 genotypes was effective, however, in the low-income countries, the effectiveness of vaccines has not been justified due to the limited study of type of influenza and the administration of influenza vaccines in those countries.  

scholarly journals Pediatric neurosurgical workforce, access to care, equipment and training needs worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Ronnie E. Baticulon ◽  
Abbas Rattani ◽  
James M. Johnston ◽  
Benjamin C. Warf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Surgical Workforce ◽  
And Training

OBJECTIVEThe presence and capability of existing pediatric neurosurgical care worldwide is unknown. The objective of this study was to solicit the expertise of specialists to quantify the geographic representation of pediatric neurosurgeons, access to specialist care, and equipment and training needs globally.METHODSA mixed-question survey was sent to surgeon members of several international neurosurgical and general pediatric surgical societies via a web-based platform. Respondents answered questions on 5 categories: surgeon demographics and training, hospital and practice details, surgical workforce and access to neurosurgical care, training and equipment needs, and desire for international collaboration. Responses were anonymized and analyzed using Stata software.RESULTSA total of 459 surgeons from 76 countries responded. Pediatric neurosurgeons in high-income and upper-middle-income countries underwent formal pediatric training at a greater rate than surgeons in low- and lower-middle-income countries (89.5% vs 54.4%). There are an estimated 2297 pediatric neurosurgeons in practice globally, with 85.6% operating in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, roughly 330 pediatric neurosurgeons care for a total child population of 1.2 billion. In low-income countries in Africa, the density of pediatric neurosurgeons is roughly 1 per 30 million children. A higher proportion of patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries must travel > 2 hours to seek emergency neurosurgical care, relative to high-income countries (75.6% vs 33.6%, p < 0.001). Vast basic and essential training and equipment needs exist, particularly low- and lower-middle-income countries within Africa, South America, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia. Eighty-nine percent of respondents demonstrated an interest in international collaboration for the purposes of pediatric neurosurgical capacity building.CONCLUSIONSWide disparity in the access to pediatric neurosurgical care exists globally. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, wherein there exists the greatest burden of pediatric neurosurgical disease, there is a grossly insufficient presence of capable providers and equipped facilities. Neurosurgeons across income groups and geographic regions share a desire for collaboration and partnership.

Globalization and Environment: An Asian Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeshna Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Granger Causality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries

This paper explores the causal association between globalization and carbon dioxide emanations in a panel set of 17 low- and low-middle-income countries and 12 upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia, respectively. The time series of observations run from 1974 to 2014. The Westerlund (2007) panel cointegration test reveals that there exists a long-run cointegrating relationship in both the panel set of observations between globalization and CO2 emissions. For the panel of upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia the long-run panel (heterogeneous elasticities) shows that globalization does not cause environmental damage, contrary to the observation based on lower- and lower-middle-income countries. The study is in conformity with the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. The Granger causality between the variables is explored by utilizing the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) Granger Causality tests. The empirical observation shows that globalization-led environmental causality is valid for lower- and lower-middle-income countries of Asia. So proper sustainable green and clean technology must be adopted for the low-income countries to stop the negation of the growth process in the near future.

scholarly journals Orthopaedic research in low-income countries: A bibliometric analysis of the current literature

SICOT-J ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Simon Matthew Graham ◽  
Ciaran Brennan ◽  
Maritz Laubscher ◽  
Sithombo Maqungo ◽  
David G. Lalloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Orthopaedic Research ◽  
Level I

Background: To perform a bibliometric analysis and quantify the amount of orthopaedic and trauma literature published from low-income countries (LICs). Methods and methods: The Web of Science database was utilised to identify all indexed orthopaedic journals. All articles published in the 76 orthopaedics journals over the last 10 years were reviewed, to determine their geographic origin. Results: A total of 131 454 articles were published across 76 orthopaedic journals over the last 10 years. Of these, 132 (0.1%) were published from LICs and 3515 (2.7%) were published from lower middle-income countries (LMICs); 85.7% (n = 112 716) of published orthopaedic research was undertaken in a high-income setting. The majority of the studies (n = 90, 74.4%) presented level IV evidence. Only 7.4% (n = 9) were high-quality evidence (level I or II). Additionally, the majority of research (74 articles, 56%) was published in partnership with high-income countries (HICs). Conclusions: There is a stark mismatch between the publication of scientific reports on orthopaedic research and the geographical areas of greatest clinical need. We believe there is an urgent need for orthopaedic research to be carried out in low-income settings to guide treatment and improve outcomes, rather than assuming that evidence from high-income settings will translate into this environment. Level of evidence: IV

scholarly journals Influence of Alcohol and Red Meat Consumption on Life Expectancy: Results of 164 Countries from 1992 to 2013

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat ◽  
Myung-Bae Park ◽  
Chun-Bae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
High Consumption

Background: High consumption of red meat, which is carcinogenic to humans, and misuse or abuse of alcohol drinking increase premature death and shortened life expectancy. The aim of this study was to examine the association of alcohol and red meat consumption with life expectancy (LE) by analyzing data from 164 countries using an ecological approach. Design: This was a longitudinal ecological study using data from the United Nation’s (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 164 countries over the period 1992–2013. In regression analysis, the relationship of alcohol and red meat consumption with LE was estimated using a pooled ordinary least squares regression model. Alcohol and red meat consumption were measured every 5 years. Results: The consumption of alcohol and red meat in high-income countries (HIC) was about 4 times (36.8–143.0 kcal/capita/day) and 5 times (11.2–51.9 kcal/capita/day) higher than that in low-income countries (LIC). Red meat and alcohol consumption had a negative estimated effect on LE in HIC (b = −1.616 p = < 0.001 and b = −0.615, p = 0.003). Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with LE for all income groups, while positive relationships were found for all estimates associated with gross national income (GNI). Conclusions: Red meat and alcohol consumption appeared to have a negative impact on LE in high-income countries (HIC) and upper-middle-income countries (UMIC), although it had no significant association with LE in low-income countries (LIC) or lower-middle-income countries (LMIC). This study suggests reviewing the policies on the gradual reduction of alcohol abuse and the high consumption of red meat, particularly HIC and UMIC.

scholarly journals Distributing development assistance for health: simulating the implications of 11 criteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-263
Author(s):  
Trygve Ottersen ◽  
Suerie Moon ◽  
John-Arne Røttingen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
National Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Assistance For Health ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Almost All

AbstractAfter years of unprecedented growth in development assistance for health (DAH), the DAH system is challenged on several fronts: by the economic downturn and stagnation of DAH, by the epidemiological transition and increase in non-communicable diseases and by the economic transition and rise of the middle-income countries. Central to any potent response is a fair and effective allocation of DAH across countries. A myriad of criteria has been proposed or is currently used, but there have been no comprehensive assessment of their distributional implications. We simulated the implications of 11 quantitative allocation criteria across countries and country categories. We found that the distributions varied profoundly. The group of low-income countries received most DAH from needs-based criteria linked to domestic capacity, while the group of upper-middle-income countries was most favoured by an income-inequality criterion. Compared to a baseline distribution guided by gross national income per capita, low-income countries received less DAH by almost all criteria. The findings can inform funders when examining and revising the criteria they use, and provide input to the broader debate about what criteria should be used.

scholarly journals Online Blood Bank

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Ameya Kambe ◽  
Arbaaz Sheikh ◽  
Nilisha Bhishma ◽  
Dr. Manisha Khorgade
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Online Web

Out of 118.5 million blood donations collected globally, 40% are collected in high income countries which compromises 16% of the world’s population. The median annual donations per blood centre are very low in low-income countries as compared to high-income countries. In high-income countries, the median blood donation rate is 31.5 donations per 1000 people, 15.9 per 1000 people in upper-middle-income countries and five donations per 1000 people in low-income countries, which is very low when compared. This indicates there is a huge gap between demand and supply. Most of the patients, due to the lack of communication between the donor and the recipient do not receive the blood in time and this may cost them their lives. The necessity for synchronisation between blood donors, hospitals, and blood banks is critical. The usage of online web portals has made it easy for the public to access and connect to other people and organizations. Using a portal we will be able to make blood donors easily available for the receivers. An online web portal where the hospitals and blood banks are integrated will make it easy for the receivers to get access to blood.

scholarly journals Effect of Financial Inclusion on Financial Stability: Countrys by Income Level Clasiffication, 2004-2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Wirdatul Aini ◽  
A. Tony Prasetiantono
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
High Income ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Financial inclusion has become a main key for financial service development yet this development should also consider financial stability. The Asian financial crisis 1997 and the Global financial crisis 2008 gave us lesson of how important to maintain financial stability. Thus, the development of the financial services sector through financial inclusion is expected to impact the financial stability of the countries income levels. This study aims to determine the effect of financial inclusion relation to the financial stability in many countries based on their level of income during 2004-2014. This study used unbalanced panel data regression with fixed effect model. The results showed that financial inclusion proxied by commercial bank outstanding deposit has positive yet unsignignificant effect on financial stability for high income and upper-middle income countries, and has negative significant effect for lower-middle income and low income countries. Meanwhile, financial inclusion proxied by commercial bank outstanding loan has negative significant effect on financial stability in high income and upper middle income countries. This result is the opposite of lower-middle income which showed positive yet unsignificant effect, and positive significant impact for low  income countries

On the structure of the present-day convergence

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Korotayev ◽  
Julia Zinkina
Keyword(s):  
Global Convergence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Unconditional Convergence ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose – A substantial number of researchers have investigated the global economic dynamics of this time to disprove unconditional convergence and refute its very idea, stating the phenomenon of conditional convergence instead. However, most respective papers limit their investigation period with the early or mid-2000s. In the authors’ opinion, some of the global trends which revealed themselves particularly clearly in the second half of the 2000s call for a revision of the convergence issue. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Several methodologies for measuring the global convergence/divergence trends exist in the economic literature. This paper seeks to contribute to the existing literature on unconditional β-convergence of the per capita incomes at the global level. Findings – In the recent years, the gap between high-income and middle-income countries is decreasing especially rapidly. The gap between high-income and low-income countries, meanwhile, is decreasing at a much slower pace. At the same time, the gap between middle-income and low-income countries is actually widening. Indeed, in the early 1980s GDP per capita in the low-income countries was on average three times lower than in the middle-income countries, and this gap was totally overshadowed by the more than ten-time abyss between the middle-income and the high-income countries. Now, however, the GDP per capita in low-income countries lags behind the middle-income ones by more than five times, which is largely the same as the gap (rapidly contracting in the recent years) between the high-income and the middle-income countries. This clearly suggests that the configuration of the world system has experienced a very significant transformation in the recent 30 years. Research limitations/implications – The research concentrates upon the dynamics of the gap in per capita income between the high-income, the middle-income, and the low-income countries. Originality/value – This paper's originality/value lies in drawing attention to the specific changes in the structure of global convergence/divergence patterns and their implications for the low-income countries.

scholarly journals Global Health Equity: Cancer Care Outcome Disparities in High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas A. de Souza ◽  
Bijou Hunt ◽  
Fredrick Chite Asirwa ◽  
Clement Adebamowo ◽  
Gilberto Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Breakthroughs in our global fight against cancer have been achieved. However, this progress has been unequal. In low- and middle-income countries and for specific populations in high-income settings, many of these advancements are but an aspiration and hope for the future. This review will focus on health disparities in cancer within and across countries, drawing from examples in Kenya, Brazil, and the United States. Placed in context with these examples, the authors also draw basic recommendations from several initiatives and groups that are working on the issue of global cancer disparities, including the US Institute of Medicine, the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries, and the Union for International Cancer Control. From increasing initiatives in basic resources in low-income countries to rapid learning systems in high-income countries, the authors argue that beyond ethics and equity issues, it makes economic sense to invest in global cancer control, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals How do the Banking Systems of High Income Countries differ from others?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Halil D. Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Banking Systems ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Bank Deposits ◽  
International Transactions

In this study, first we look at the relation between countries’ income levels and their banking systems. What are the differences between richer countries and other countries in terms of their banking systems? Then, we look at how OECD membership affects the banking system of a country. When we compare High-Income countries to Middle- and Low-Income countries, we find that workers’ remittances are much higher in Low- and Middle-income countries. The banking industries are much more concentrated in High-Income countries. Bank deposits are also significantly higher in these countries. The banking systems in these countries have more risk compared to their counterparts in other countries. Non-resident banks are more active in High-Income countries. Also, there is more interest in offshore accounts and the banks are more engaged in international transactions. When we compare high-income OECD-member countries to high-income Non-OECD-member countries, we find that the banking industries in high-income Non-OECD-member countries are much more concentrated when compared to their counterparts in High-Income OECD countries. In High-Income Non-OECD countries, non-resident banks are more active and there is more interest in offshore accounts. On the other hand, bank deposits are higher in High-Income OECD countries. But, the banks in these countries are in greater risk compared to the banks in Non-OECD countries (i.e. liquid liabilities are higher). We conclude that policymakers need to consider OECD membership and income level as determinants of a country’s banking system.

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