scholarly journals Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liability

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Béla Csitei
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Criminal Sanction ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Driving Cars

After clarifying the concepts of automated and autonomous vehicles, the purpose of the study is to investigate how reasonable the criminal sanction is arising from accidents caused by autonomous vehicles. The next question to be answered is that the definition of the crime according to the Hungarian law may be applied in case of traffic related criminal offences caused by automated and autonomous vehicles. During my research I paid special attention to two essential elements of criminal offence, namely the human act and guilt. Furthermore, I strived for finding solution for the next problem, as well: if the traffic related criminal offence is committed by driving an autonomous vehicle, how to define the subject of criminal liability.

Pedestrians, Autonomous Vehicles, and Cities

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Millard-Ball
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
Time Autonomous

Autonomous vehicles, popularly known as self-driving cars, have the potential to transform travel behavior. However, existing analyses have ignored strategic interactions with other road users. In this article, I use game theory to analyze the interactions between pedestrians and autonomous vehicles, with a focus on yielding at crosswalks. Because autonomous vehicles will be risk-averse, the model suggests that pedestrians will be able to behave with impunity, and autonomous vehicles may facilitate a shift toward pedestrian-oriented urban neighborhoods. At the same time, autonomous vehicle adoption may be hampered by their strategic disadvantage that slows them down in urban traffic.

Future Blockchain Technology for Autonomous Applications/Autonomous Vehicle

2022 ◽  
pp. 1027-1038
Author(s):  
Arnab Kumar Show ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Achintya Singhal ◽  
Gayathri N. ◽  
K. Vengatesan
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
The Self ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Self Driving Cars

The autonomous industry has rapidly grown for self-driving cars. The main purpose of autonomous industry is trying to give all types of security, privacy, secured traffic information to the self-driving cars. Blockchain is another newly established secured technology. The main aim of this technology is to provide more secured, convenient online transactions. By using this new technology, the autonomous industry can easily provide more suitable, safe, efficient transportation to the passengers and secured traffic information to the vehicles. This information can easily gather by the roadside units or by the passing vehicles. Also, the economical transactions can be possible more efficiently since blockchain technology allows peer-to-peer communications between nodes, and it also eliminates the need of the third party. This chapter proposes a concept of how the autonomous industry can provide more adequate, proper, and safe transportation with the help of blockchain. It also examines for the possibility that autonomous vehicles can become the future of transportation.

scholarly journals An Overview of Lidar Imaging Systems for Autonomous Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 4093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Royo ◽  
Maria Ballesta-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Imaging Systems ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Large Uncertainty ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Subject

Lidar imaging systems are one of the hottest topics in the optronics industry. The need to sense the surroundings of every autonomous vehicle has pushed forward a race dedicated to deciding the final solution to be implemented. However, the diversity of state-of-the-art approaches to the solution brings a large uncertainty on the decision of the dominant final solution. Furthermore, the performance data of each approach often arise from different manufacturers and developers, which usually have some interest in the dispute. Within this paper, we intend to overcome the situation by providing an introductory, neutral overview of the technology linked to lidar imaging systems for autonomous vehicles, and its current state of development. We start with the main single-point measurement principles utilized, which then are combined with different imaging strategies, also described in the paper. An overview of the features of the light sources and photodetectors specific to lidar imaging systems most frequently used in practice is also presented. Finally, a brief section on pending issues for lidar development in autonomous vehicles has been included, in order to present some of the problems which still need to be solved before implementation may be considered as final. The reader is provided with a detailed bibliography containing both relevant books and state-of-the-art papers for further progress in the subject.

Current Developments in Autonomous Vehicle Policy in the United States: Federalism’s Influence in State and National Regulatory Law and Policy

Global Jurist ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Salatiello ◽  
Troy B. Felver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Regulatory Law ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Abstract With the advent of autonomous vehicles, especially self-driving cars, there is great promise for society. However, cars are not islands; they operate in a community of vehicles. Laws and regulations are crafted to allow the maximum benefit for the community while imposing the fewest costs. Unfortunately, a full accounting of these benefits and costs is not entirely clear at promulgation. Because the technologies and how they will be used are so uncertain, regulatory bodies have to try to build on what they have done in the past, sometimes successfully and sometimes unevenly. This paper will examine several regulatory attempts involving these new technologies in the United States, both on the federal and state levels. Also considered will be the interaction of these regulations under a federal system with defined and specific responsibilities for both sovereigns. A view on future developments is provided to gauge the directions additional regulation could take. Finally, generalizable lessons from this approached will be summarized.

scholarly journals Space Invaders: Pedestrian Proxemic Utility Functions and Trust Zones for Autonomous Vehicle Interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanta Camara ◽  
Charles Fox
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
The Road ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Public Datasets ◽  
Discrete Theory ◽  
And Control ◽  
Road Crossing

AbstractUnderstanding pedestrian proxemic utility and trust will help autonomous vehicles to plan and control interactions with pedestrians more safely and efficiently. When pedestrians cross the road in front of human-driven vehicles, the two agents use knowledge of each other’s preferences to negotiate and to determine who will yield to the other. Autonomous vehicles will require similar understandings, but previous work has shown a need for them to be provided in the form of continuous proxemic utility functions, which are not available from previous proxemics studies based on Hall’s discrete zones. To fill this gap, a new Bayesian method to infer continuous pedestrian proxemic utility functions is proposed, and related to a new definition of ‘physical trust requirement’ (PTR) for road-crossing scenarios. The method is validated on simulation data then its parameters are inferred empirically from two public datasets. Results show that pedestrian proxemic utility is best described by a hyperbolic function, and that trust by the pedestrian is required in a discrete ‘trust zone’ which emerges naturally from simple physics. The PTR concept is then shown to be capable of generating and explaining the empirically observed zone sizes of Hall’s discrete theory of proxemics.

Witness of Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serkan Ayvaz ◽  
Salih Cemil Cetin
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
Vehicle To Infrastructure ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for autonomous cars to establish trusted parties by combining distributed ledgers and self-driving cars in the traffic to provide single version of the truth and thus build public trust. Design/methodology/approach The model, which the authors call Witness of Things, is based on keeping decision logs of autonomous vehicles in distributed ledgers through the use of vehicular networks and vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastructure (or vice versa) communications. The model provides a single version of the truth and thus helps enable the autonomous vehicle industry, related organizations and governmental institutions to discover the true causes of road accidents and their consequences in investigations. Findings In this paper, the authors explored one of the potential effects of blockchain protocol on autonomous vehicles. The framework provides a solution for operating autonomous cars in an untrusted environment without needing a central authority. The model can also be generalized and applied to other intelligent unmanned systems. Originality/value This study proposes a blockchain protocol-based record-keeping model for autonomous cars to establish trusted parties in the traffic and protect single version of the truth.

scholarly journals A Brief Survey on SLAM Methods in Autonomous Vehicle

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.27) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talha Takleh Omar Takleh ◽  
Nordin Abu Bakar ◽  
Shuzlina Abdul Rahman ◽  
Raseeda Hamzah ◽  
Zalilah Abd Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Simultaneous Localization And Mapping ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Localization And Mapping ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Self Driving Cars

The overall purpose of this paper is to provide an introductory survey in the area of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) particularly its utilization in autonomous vehicle or more specifically in self-driving cars, especially after the release of commercial semi-autonomous car like the Tesla vehicles as well as the Google Waymo vehicle. Before we begin diving into the concept of SLAM, we need to understand the importance of SLAM and problems that expand to the various methods developed by numerous researchers to solve it. Thus, in this paper we will start by giving the general concept behind SLAM, followed by sharing details of its different categories and the various methods that form the SLAM function in today’s autonomous vehicles; which can solve the SLAM problem. These methods are the current trends that are widely focused in the research community in producing solutions to the SLAM problem; not only in autonomous vehicle but in the robotics field as well. Next, we will compare each of these methods in terms of its pros and cons before concluding the paper by looking at future SLAM challenges. 

scholarly journals A Cannon for Cooperation: A Review of the Interagency Cooperation Literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell M Frazier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Cooperative Relationships ◽  
Interagency Cooperation ◽  
Random Forces ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

This literature review encompasses a myriad of sources that offer a wide-ranging view of the subject of interagency cooperation. The review is thematic in nature and draws primarily on resources (i.e., books, academic databases, and EBooks & EJournals) available from multiple libraries. Interagency cooperation is an imperative part of the United States research and development (R & D) diffusion agenda, principally in the manufacturing sector. Nevertheless, the principles of realizing efficacious cooperative relationships are important. Thus, the review focuses on literature that can offer direction for policy stakeholders planning to establish, or re-evaluating governance oriented delivery structures. The components of this review include: a definition of interagency cooperation and essential elements of interagency cooperation-external (systematic and random) forces, shared problems, resources, and capacity building.

scholarly journals MEMAHAMI KONSEP DAN SUBJEK PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA DALAM PASAL 39A UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 28 TAHUN 2007 TENTANG PERUBAHAN KETIGA UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 6 TAHUN 1983 TENTANG KUP

Scientax ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-188
Author(s):  
Bina Yumanto
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Vicarious Liability ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Corporate Liability

In various cases of tax criminal acts, the board of directors is often subject to criminal liability on the grounds of being a signatory to the Tax Return (and/or Tax Invoice) and as a corporate organ that is deemed responsible for all company policies, activities, and operations. In addition, some cases of Tax Criminal Investigation impose criminal responsibility on the board of directors based on evidence of signature in the Tax Return and consideration of the principle of vicarious liability, which is the expansion or representation of liability for compensation under Private Law. This study aims to analyze the criminal liability doctrine adopted by Article 39A of Law Number 28 of 2007 concerning the Third Amendment to Law Number 6 of 1983 concerning General Provisions and Tax Procedures (UU KUP) and whether corporations can be held criminally liable in the offense of that Article. The theory and concepts used are criminal liability and analysis of the elements of Article 39A of the UU KUP, the main doctrines of criminal liability, the definition of legal entities, corporate taxpayers, and corporate liability. The results of the study found that corporate taxpayers as corporations are the subject of criminal liability in Article 39A, in addition to individuals, and Article 39A adheres to the principle of no crime without guilt.

scholarly journals Autonomous vehicles and smart cities: future directions of ownership vs shared mobility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nacer-Eddine Bezai ◽  
◽  
Benachir Medjdoub ◽  
Fodil Fadli ◽  
Moulay Larby Chalal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
The Future ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Over the last decade, there has been increasing discussions about self-driving cars and how most auto-makers are racing to launch these products. However, this discourse is not limited to transportation only, but how such vehicles will affect other industries and specific aspects of our daily lives as future users such as the concept of work while being driven and productivity, entertainment, travel speed, and deliveries. Although these technologies are beneficial, access to these potentials depends on the behaviour of their users. There is a lack of a conceptual model that elucidate the acceptance of people to Self-driving cars. Service on-demand and shared mobility are the most critical factors that will ensure the successful adoption of these cars. This paper presents an analysis of public opinions in Nottingham, UK, through a questionnaire about the future of Autonomous vehicles' ownership and the extent to which they accept the idea of vehicle sharing. Besides, this paper tests two hypotheses. Firstly, (a) people who usually use Public transportation like (taxi, bus, tram, train, carpooling) are likely to share an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. Secondly, (b) people who use Private cars are expected to own an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. To achieve this aim, a combination of statistical methods such as logistic regression has been utilised. Unexpectedly, the study findings suggested that AVs ownership will increase contrary to what is expected, that Autonomous vehicles will reduce ownership. Besides, participants have shown low interest in sharing AVs. Therefore, it is likely that ownership of AVs will increase for several reasons as expressed by the participants such as safety, privacy, personal space, suitability to children and availability. Actions must be taken to promote shared mobility to avoid AVs possession growth. The ownership diminution, in turn, will reduce traffic congestion, energy and transport efficiency, better air quality. That is why analysing the factors that influence the mindset and attitude of people will enable us to understand how to shift from private cars to transport-on-demand, which is a priority rather than promoting the technology.

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