scholarly journals Trifluralin (Preen) Dissipation from the Surface Layer of a Soilless Plant Growth Substrate

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caren A. Judge ◽  
Joseph C. Neal ◽  
Ross B. Leidy
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Interval ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Residual Control ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract Southeastern U.S. container nursery crop production relies upon frequent applications of preemergence herbicides for broad-spectrum weed control. An experiment was conducted to determine the length of residual control and the sensitivity of two grass species to Preen (trifluralin) applied to the surface of a pine bark:sand (7:1 by vol) potting substrate. The experiment was conducted twice at each of two locations during 2001. Samples of the potting substrate were taken 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after treatment (DAT) for laboratory analysis. Trifluralin was extracted from the potting substrate and quantified using gas chromatographic techniques. Large crabgrass and perennial ryegrass were seeded 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 DAT to bioassay for herbicide residues. Shoot and root length were measured two weeks after each seeding date. Preen residues in the surface of the potting substrate decreased rapidly after application and leveled off approximately 21 DAT. Based on the bioassay, March applications of Preen controlled large crabgrass and perennial ryegrass for 37 days or greater while May and June applications of Preen controlled the two species for only 3 to 21 days. These results suggest that trifluralin reapplication should be more frequent than the common interval of 56 to 70 days in the southeastern United States.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Ornamental Grasses to Preemergence Herbicides

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Suppression ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Good Tolerance ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract Tolerance of ornamental grasses to preemergence herbicides commonly-used in nursery crop production and turfgrass maintenance was evaluated in container studies. Gallery controlled the broadleaf weeds tested but did not control large crabgrass. Surflan at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A) controlled all weeds except rice flatsedge. Pennant at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A) controlled rice flatsedge but not eclipta. Pendulum, Ronstar, Barricade and OH2 also did not control eclipta at the lower use rate. Although growth suppression and stand reduction was observed in certain herbicide/ornamental grass combinations, the species tested generally exhibited good tolerance to the chemicals tested. Ornamental grass tolerance improved by the second herbicide application. After two applications, no rate of Surflan, Pendulum, or Barricade caused a significant reduction in growth of any of the five ornamental grass species tested.

scholarly journals Dose and Concentration Responses of Common Nursery Weeds to Gallery, Surflan and Treflan

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Caren A. Judge ◽  
Joseph C. Neal ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract Preemergence herbicides are applied as often as every eight to ten weeks in container nursery crop production in the southeastern United States. However, weeds often emerge before reapplication. Experiments were conducted to assess the minimum surface-applied doses and the in vitro concentrations of preemergence herbicides required to control susceptible weed species. Greenhouse and outdoor container experiments were conducted to determine surface-applied Treflan (trifluralin) doses required to control large crabgrass and perennial ryegrass. In the greenhouse, 0.8 to 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.7 to 1.0 lb ai/A) was necessary for 6 weeks control. Outdoors, 1.5 to 1.9 kg ai/ha (1.3 to 1.7 lb ai/A) was needed for control 3 weeks after treatment (WAT). However, 6 WAT, 2.6 to 3.4 kg ai/ha (2.3 to 3.0 lb ai/A) was required. Petri dish experiments were conducted to determine the aqueous concentrations of Gallery (isoxaben), Surflan (oryzalin), and Treflan required to control common nursery weeds including eclipta, hairy bittercress, large crabgrass and spotted spurge. The concentration required for 80% shoot inhibition (I80) ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 μg ai/mL for Gallery, 1.2 to 9.8 μg ai/mL for Surflan and 1.1 to 73.8 μg ai/mL for Treflan. The relative response of weeds to aqueous concentrations was consistent with reports from outdoor container efficacy trials.

Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal for Weed Suppression in Turf

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Earlywine ◽  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Travis C. Teuton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
Xi Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Oriental Mustard ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Oriental mustard seed meal (MSM), a byproduct generated by pressing the seed for oil, exhibits herbicidal properties. In turfgrass, soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are used to control weeds prior to renovation of turf. Environmental concerns have resulted in deregistration of methyl bromide, prompting the need for alternatives. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of MSM on the establishment of selected turfgrass weeds as well as inhibitory effects on establishment of desirable turfgrasses. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Missouri. MSM was amended in soil at 0, 1,350 (low), 2,350 (medium), and 3,360 kg ha−1(high) concentrations. Weed species included annual bluegrass, large crabgrass, buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed. Turfgrass species included: Rembrandt tall fescue, Evening Shade perennial rye, and Riviera bermudagrass. All species were seeded into soil amended with MSM and either tarped or left untarped. All treatments were compared to dazomet (392 kg ha−1), a synthetic standard. Plant counts and biomass of all species were recorded 4 wk after seeding. Overall, tarped treatments suppressed weed emergence 27 to 50% more compared to untarped treatments, except for large crabgrass. High rates of MSM suppressed emergence of all weeds ≥ 63%. Compared to the untreated control, the density of buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed was reduced by ≥ 42% at low rates of MSM. Biomass of buckhorn plantain, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, white clover, and large crabgrass was reduced from 37 to 99% at high rates of MSM. MSM at high rates reduced stand counts of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass up to 81% and 77% respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of MSM rates or tarping, suppression of common bermudagrass emergence did not exceed 30%; tarped treatments actually increased bermudagrass emergence by 22%. The biomass for tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and bermudagrass was reduced by 85, 68, and 10%, respectively, at high rates of MSM. For tall fescue, MSM at all rates strongly suppressed seed germination by 7 d after planting (DAP) (up to 100%), with additional germination observed through 14 DAP, but not thereafter. In both trials, dazomet completely suppressed emergence of all weeds. MSM appears to suppress emergence and growth of a number of weeds common in turf, with potential selectivity for bermudagrass.

scholarly journals Reference transcriptome assembly and annotation for perennial ryegrass

Genome ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1086-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Shinozuka ◽  
Noel O.I. Cogan ◽  
German C. Spangenberg ◽  
John W. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Genome Sequence Assembly ◽  
Transcriptome Resource

RNA-Seq methodology has been used to generate a comprehensive transcriptome sequence resource for perennial ryegrass, an important temperate pasture grass species. A total of 931 547 255 reads were obtained from libraries corresponding to 19 distinct tissue samples, including both vegetative and reproductive stages of development. Assembly of data generated a final filtered reference set of 48 713 contigs and scaffolds. The transcriptome resource will support whole genome sequence assembly, comparative genomics, implementation of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) methods based on transcript sampling, and identification of candidate genes for multiple biological functions.

The effect of species complexity and sodium fertilizer application on the grazing behaviour of calves

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
M. Youssef ◽  
P.C. Chiy ◽  
C.J.C. Phillips ◽  
M. Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
High Sodium Diet ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

Cattle exhibit preferences not only for certain sward species but for the same species at different stages of growth, and the various parts of an individual plant and for individual plant of preferred composition. This tendency is termed selective grazing (Fontenot and Blaser, 1965). For example ruminants will select a high Sodium diet. Calves tend to be more selective than adult cattle, muzzling herbage before eating.The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of sward complexity, species and sodium fertilizer on the grazing behaviour of calves.Sixteen dairy Friesian calves, aged 5 to 6 months, with no previous grazing experience, were allocated to groups of 4 similar calves, and then at random to four pasture treatments of 3480m2 each with one (Perennial Ryegrass, P), two (P and Timothy, T), three (P, T and Cocksfoot, C) and four (P, T.C and Red Fescue, R) grass species in a balanced change over design. Each species was sown in plots of 290m2 and one half of each plot received 48Kg/ha. nacl.

scholarly journals Effects of Three Fertilization Methods on Weed Growth and Herbicide Performance in Soilless Nursery Substrates1

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Cody J. Stewart ◽  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Brian J. Pearson ◽  
P. Christopher Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract Research objectives were to determine the effect of fertilization method (incorporation, subdress, and topdress) on weed growth and the performance of preemergence herbicides applied to soilless substrates. Nursery containers were filled with a pine bark:peat substrate and fertilized at two different rates [4.4 and 9.5 kg.m−3 (8.9 and 19.2 lb.yd−3)] via topdressing, subdressing, or incorporating. Containers were treated with either dimethenamid-P for spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.), flumioxazin for eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) or prodiamine for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.). A control was established for each fertilizer rate/placement and weed species that was not treated. Incorporating or subdressing fertilizer resulted in reduced large crabgrass and spotted spurge growth in non-treated containers. Weeds grew larger at the higher fertility rates in both topdress and incorporated treatments but fertilizer rate did not affect growth of spotted spurge or large crabgrass when fertilizers were subdressed. Herbicides generally provided commercially acceptable weed control regardless of fertilizer treatment, but results varied with species. Results suggest that in the absence of herbicides, topdressing may result in greater weed growth compared with subdressing or incorporating fertilizers; however, fertilizer placement will have less impact on herbicide performance if proper herbicides are chosen and applied correctly. Index words: topdress, subdress, incorporate, large crabgrass, eclipta, spotted spurge, preemergence Chemicals used in this study: Flumioxazin (SureGuard®); 2-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione; Dimethenamid-P (Tower) 2-chloro-N-[(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide; Prodiamine (Barricade) 2,4-dinitro-N3, N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine (Barricade®) Species used in this study: Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.); Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.); Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.)

scholarly journals Mosca-Branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em feijoeiro: Características gerais, bioecologia e métodos de controle

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Anderson Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior ◽  
Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza ◽  
Eduardo Neves Costa ◽  
James da Silva Hoelhert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
De Se ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common

Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.

scholarly journals Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Thomas Serensits ◽  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

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