On the Origin of Four Pi in Physics

2016 ◽  
pp. 3994-4013
Author(s):  
Aaron Hanken
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Pythagorean Triples ◽  
Free Particles ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
Gaussian Surface ◽  
Planck Energy ◽  
The Universe

We find the highest symmetry between the fields intrinsic to free particles (free particles having only mass, charge and spin), and show these fields symmetries and their close relationship to force and entropy. The Boltzmann Constant is equal to the natural entropy, in that it is The Planck Energy over The Planck Temperature. This completes a needed symmetry in The Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy. Upon substitution of Planck Units into The Schwarzschild Radius, we find that the mass and radius of any black hole define both the gravitational constant and the natural force. We find that the Gaussian Surface area about a particle is equal to the surface area of an equally massed black hole if we define the gravitational field of that particle to be the quotient of The Planck Force and the particles mass. By these simple substitutions we find that gravity is quantized in units of surface entropy. We also find Pythagorean Triples are resting within the dimensional parameters of Special Relativity, and show this to be the dimensional aspects of single particles observing one another, coupled with the intrinsic Hubble nature of the universe.

scholarly journals Hawking Radiation is Nothing: Developed Correlation of Entropy with Black Hole Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Sayed El-Mongy
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Stationary Black Hole ◽  
Hole Area ◽  
Concentric Spheres ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Divine Order

Read is the first word and divine order in the Holy Quran. My lovely physics does not answer many mysteries in the universe including black holes. The observed ordinary matter in the universe is only ~5 %. The remaining is 27% dark matter and approximately 68% dark energy of. This paper introduces a developed model and concept to black hole anatomy and entropy-surface area correlation. It considers the stationary black hole a one entity of 4 concentric spheres around the singularity. They are the event horizon, photon sphere at 1.5Rs, unstable light sphere at 2.6Rs and innermost stable particle sphere at 3Rs. An equation (Sayed Ts formula) was derived excluded heuristics of Professor S. Hawking. This formula is based on different proportional constant between entropy and black hole surface area; not ¼ as He conjectured. In spite of my respect and humanity sympathy with Prof. Hawking, his tombstone equation should be corrected. There is neither radiation escape from black holes nor any signal detected due to micro black holes evaporation. Finally, it can be stated that Hawking radiation is Nothing.

scholarly journals A new mass scale, implications on black hole evaporation and holography

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (16) ◽  
pp. 1650089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyabut burikham ◽  
Rujikorn Dhanawittayapol ◽  
Taum Wuthicharn
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Mass Formula ◽  
Uncertainty Relation ◽  
Black Hole Entropy ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Black Hole Evaporation ◽  
The Universe

We consider a new mass scale [Formula: see text] constructed from dimensional analysis by using [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and discuss its physical interpretation. Based on the Generalized Uncertainty Relation, a black hole with age comparable to the universe would stop radiating when the mass reaches a new mass scale [Formula: see text] at which its temperature corresponds to the mass [Formula: see text]. Black hole remnants could have masses ranging from a Planck mass to a trillion kilograms. Holography persists even when the uncertainty relation is modified to the Minimum Length Uncertainty Relation (MLUR). The remnant black hole entropy is proportional to the surface area of the black hole in unit of the Planck area in arbitrary noncompact dimensions.

Black Hole Universe: a grand cosmic recycler and Big Bang generator?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Pereira Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

We propose the discussion of a highly speculative idea for the scenario where black hole collisions and their subsequent increase in sizes exceed the expansion of the universe.

scholarly journals Black Holes in the Universe

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
I.D. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
The Universe

Some 30 years ago very few scientists thought that black holes may really exist. Attention focussed on the black hole hypothesis after neutron stars had been discovered. It was rather surprising that astrophysicists immediately ‘welcomed’ black holes. They found their place not only in the remnants of supernova explosions but also in the nuclei of galaxies and quasars.

scholarly journals PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLE FORMATION FROM INFLATON

2000 ◽  
Vol 09 (06) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIN HE MENG ◽  
BIN WANG ◽  
S. FENG
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Primordial Black Hole ◽  
Primordial Black Holes ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Hole Formation ◽  
Black Hole Formation ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Slow Rolling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

Measurements of the distances to SNe Ia have produced strong evidence that the expansion of the Universe is really accelarating, implying the existence of a nearly uniform component of dark energy with the simplest explanation as a cosmological constant. In this paper a small changing cosmological term is proposed, which is a function of a slow-rolling scalar field, by which the de Sitter primordial black holes' properties, for both charged and uncharged cases, are carefully examined and the relationship between the black hole formation and the energy transfer of the inflaton is eluciated. The criterion for primordial black hole formation is given.

scholarly journals Symmetry and the Arrow of Time in Theoretical Black Hole Astrophysics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
David Garofalo
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Active Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Accretion Disks ◽  
Time Reversal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Time Symmetry ◽  
The Universe

While the basic laws of physics seem time-reversal invariant, our understanding of the apparent irreversibility of the macroscopic world is well grounded in the notion of entropy. Because astrophysics deals with the largest structures in the Universe, one expects evidence there for the most pronounced entropic arrow of time. However, in recent theoretical astrophysics work it appears possible to identify constructs with time-reversal symmetry, which is puzzling in the large-scale realm especially because it involves the engines of powerful outflows in active galactic nuclei which deal with macroscopic constituents such as accretion disks, magnetic fields, and black holes. Nonetheless, the underlying theoretical structure from which this accreting black hole framework emerges displays a time-symmetric harmonic behavior, a feature reminiscent of basic and simple laws of physics. While we may expect such behavior for classical black holes due to their simplicity, manifestations of such symmetry on the scale of galaxies, instead, surprise. In fact, we identify a parallel between the astrophysical tug-of-war between accretion disks and jets in this model and the time symmetry-breaking of a simple overdamped harmonic oscillator. The validity of these theoretical ideas in combination with this unexpected parallel suggests that black holes are more influential in astrophysics than currently recognized and that black hole astrophysics is a more fundamental discipline.

scholarly journals Universe and Inner Self in Early Indian and Early Greek Thought

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Indian Thought ◽  
Inner Self ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Universe

This book focuses from various perspectives on the striking similarities (as well as the concomitant differences) between early Greek and early Indian thought. In both cultures there occurred at about the same time the birth of 'philosophy', the idea of the universe as an intelligible order in which personal deity is (at most) marginal and the inner self is at the centre of attention. The similarities include a pentadic structure of narrative and cosmology, a basic conception of cosmic order or harmony, a close relationship between universe and inner self, techniques of soteriological inwardness and self-immortalisation, the selflessness of theory, envisaging the inner self as a chariot, the interiorisation of ritual, and ethicised reincarnation. Explanations for the similarites are a shared Indo-European origin, parallel socio-economic development, and influence in one direction or the other.

scholarly journals Fatal youth of the Universe: black hole threat for the electroweak vacuum during preheating

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (10) ◽  
pp. 016-016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Gorbunov ◽  
Dmitry Levkov ◽  
Alexander Panin
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
The Universe
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