The effect of adjuvants and reduced rates of crop protection agents on the occurrence of agricultural pests and on winter wheat productivity

A field experiment in growing winter wheat was carried out in Czesławice (the central part of the Lublin region) in 2009–2011. The experiment was set up as a split-block design with 3 replications on grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loess. Tillage was performed in accordance with the agronomic practices typical of this species. NPK mineral fertilization was adjusted to high soil nutrient availability. The research included 3 rates of herbicides, fungicides and a retardant (100, 75, 50%) as well as various types of adjuvants (surface-active, oil, mineral). Plots without adjuvant application were the control treatment. It was shown that a 50% reduction in the rates of crop protection agents caused a considerable decrease in winter wheat grain yield and in some yield components compared with the 75% rate and the maximum rate. Due to the addition of adjuvants (especially the oil adjuvant) to the spray solution, the reduction in the rates of crop protection agents by 25% did not cause any decrease of winter wheat productivity. A further reduction (by 50%) in the rates of crop protection agents, in spite of the application of adjuvants, had a negative effect on wheat yield caused by an intense accumulation of air-dry weight of weeds in the crop as well as by higher susceptibility of wheat to a complex of fungal diseases infecting the stem base.

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Influence of nitrification inhibitor (Nitrapyrin) on winter wheat yield

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9684 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rayehe Mirkhani ◽

Mohammad Sajad Ghavami ◽

Elnaz Ahmadi ◽

Ebrahim Moghiseh

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Block Design ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Nitrification Inhibitors ◽

Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽

Winter Wheat Yield

Nitrogen (N) is a crop nutrient that is commonly applied as fertilizer, however the dynamic nature of N and its propensity for loss from soil&#8208;plant systems creates a unique and challenging environment for its efficient management. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) are compounds that can reduce the bacterial oxidation of NH4+&#160;to NO2&#8722;&#160;by inhibiting the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and maintaining a higher proportion of applied nitrogen in the soil by preventing nitrate loss from leaching and gaseous N losses from nitrification and denitrification. The organic compound 2-chloro-6-(tri-chloromethyl) pyridine, commonly known as nitrapyrin (NP), is such a nitrification inhibitor that is used in agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of NI (NP) on winter wheat yield compared to farmers practice without NI at a given N rate and same number of N split applications.A randomized complete block design in five replications was used in this study. Treatments were: T1 (control treatment - without urea), T2 (farmers practice - 300 kg urea/ha), and T3 (urea+NP - 300 kg urea/ha). Urea was applied in three split applications at tillering, stem elongation and booting stages in treatments T2 (farmers practice) and T3 (urea+NP). The average grain yield of winter wheat was 8.7 t ha-1 for the farmers practice (T2) and 9.1 t ha-1 for the urea+NP treatment (T3) at the same number of split fertilizer applications.The crop yield data showed that urea applied with NP (T3) did increase only slightly grain yield, as compared to farmers practice (T2). The grain yield increase with NP was about 4%, however the statistical analysis showed that this increase due to the application of urea with NP was not significant. Further research is needed to investigate additional nitrification inhibitors and their effect on wheat production.

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Weed infestation of a winter wheat canopy under the conditions of application of different herbicide doses and foliar fertilization

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2009.042 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 193-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Piotr Kraska ◽

Sylwia Okoń ◽

Edward Pałys

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Molecular Analysis ◽

Block Design ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Infestation Level ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Galium Aparine ◽

Weed Infestation

The present study was carried out in the years 2006-2008 in the Bezek Experimental Farm (University of Life Sciences in Lublin). A two-factor field experiment was set up according to a randomized block design, in three replications. The experimental field was situated on medium heavy mixed rendzina developed from chalk rock with medium dusty loam granulometric composition. The soil was characterised by neutral pH, a very high content of P (342.1) and K (278.9) along with a very low level of magnesium (16.0 mg × kg-1 of soil) and organic carbon (over 3.5%). The aim of this research was to compare the effect of three herbicide doses and two foliar fertilizers applied in a winter wheat canopy on weed infestation. The herbicides Mustang 306 SE 0.4 l × ha-1 and Attribut 70 WG 60 g × ha-1 were applied at full recommended doses as well as at doses reduced to 75% and 50%. Foliar fertilizers Insol 3 (1 1 × ha-1) and FoliCare (20 kg × ha-1) were applied at full recommended doses twice in the growing season BBCH* development stage 23-25* and 33-35*). The control was not treated with the herbicides and foliar fertilizers. The weed infestation level was determined by means of the quantitative gravimetric method at two dates: the first one 6 weeks after herbicide application and the second one - before harvest. The number of weed individuals was counted; species composition and air-dry biomass of aboveground parts were estimated from randomly selected areas of 1 m × 0.25 m at four sites on each plot. Galium aparine and Apera spica-venti plants were sampled for molecular analysis 6 weeks after herbicide application (the treatments with the full herbicide dose, a 50% dose and the control without herbicides). The density of weeds and weed air-dry weight were statistically analysed by means of variance analysis, and the mean values were estimated with Tukey's confidence intervals (p=0.05). It was found that the number of weeds and air-dry weight of weeds in the control treatment were significantly higher in comparison with the herbicide treated plots. The application of different herbicide doses did not differentiate significantly the weed infestation level in the winter wheat canopy. Galium aparine, Papaver rhoeas, Viola arvensis and Apera spica-venti were dominant weed species in the winter wheat canopy. Foliar application of fertilizers did not influence the weed infestation level in the crop canopy. Molecular analysis showed that herbicide application did not affect genetic variation in the populations of Galium aparine and Apera spica-venti.

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The effect of adjuvants and reduced rates of crop protection agents on weed infestation, health and lodging of spring barley (Hordeum sativum L.)

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2011.064 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 227-234

Author(s):

Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽

Marian Wesołowski

Keyword(s):

Spring Barley ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Loess Soil ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Weed Species ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Surface Active

A field experiment in the cultivation of spring barley was carried out in the period 2007-2009 at the Experimental Farm in Czesławice (central Lublin region) on grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loess (soil quality class II). The study involved 3 rates of herbicides, growth retardant and fungicides (100%, 75%, 50%) as well as different adjuvant types (oil, surface- active, mineral adjuvant). Plots without any adjuvant were the control treatment. Conventional tillage was used, while mineral fertilization was adjusted to high initial soil nutrient availability. A hypothesis was made that the reduction of pesticide rates by 25-50%, with the simultaneous addition of adjuvants, would allow health, weed infestation and lodging of spring barley to be maintained at a level similar to that obtained under the conditions when maximum rates are applied without any adjuvant. It was also assumed that particular adjuvants could show different interactions with the tested groups of crop protection agents. It was proved that the application of full recommended rates of pesticides gave the best values of the indicators relating to weed infestation, health and lodging of spring barley. However, thanks to the addition of adjuvants to the spray solution, the application of pesticide doses reduced by 25% produced similar results. A higher reduction of pesticide rates (by 50%) had an adverse effect on the traits in question. In such case, there was noted higher weed infestation of the spring barley crop, compensation of some weed species, and increased stem-base infection by the fungal disease complex. On the other hand, less radical changes were observed in the case of spring barley lodging. The above-mentioned situation occurred in spite of the fact that the action of pesticides was aided by adjuvants. From the group of adjuvants under comparison, the oil adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC showed the best interaction with the crop protection agents under consideration.

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Production of cabbage grown in pots containing legumes' root and shoot

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/s0034-737x2012000500015 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 689-694 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thiago de Oliveira Vargas ◽

Ellen Rúbia Diniz ◽

Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽

Alysson Roberto de Almeida ◽

Segundo Urquiaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Legume Species ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Mineral N ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Whole Plant

Roots effect is not generally considered in studies assessing the performance of crops in response to green manuring. However, such effect can contribute to a better understanding of crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of root and shoot of two legumes on the production of cabbage. The experiment was conducted in pots of 10 liters containing substrate of 2:1 soil/sand. The experiment was arranged in a factorial scheme (2x3 + 2) in a randomized block design with five replicates using two legume species (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis L), three plant parts (root, shoot, or whole plant), and two additional treatments (mineral fertilization with 100% and 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage). Pots with legume treatments received mineral fertilizer with 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage. The experimental plot consisted of a pot containing one plant of cabbage. Legumes were grown in pots and harvested at 78 days. The root biomass was determined in extra pots. Production was assessed using head fresh and dry weight. The application of the whole plant of both legume species reduced cabbage production. However, root or shoot of both legume species was equivalent to 50% of mineral N fertilization required for the cultivation of cabbage.

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Effect of Fertilizers on Nutrient Content and Uptake of Aromatic Local Transplant Aman Rice Varieties in Acid Soil

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i1130621 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 35-48

Author(s):

Kamrun Nahar Mousomi ◽

Mohammad Noor Hossain Miah ◽

Md. Abul Kashem ◽

Imtiaz Miah

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Aromatic Rice ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Nutrient Analyses

A pot experiment was conducted at the experimental net house of the Department of Soil Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh to observe the effect of fertilizers on yield and nutrient uptake of local aromatic rice varieties during the Aman season of 2015. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Five local aromatic rice varieties (Kalizira: V1, Muktasail: V2, Nagrasail: V3, Maloti: V4 and Chinigura: V5) and four packages of fertilizers (F1: Recommended package i.e. 45-10-20-10-0.5 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn, F2: 2/3rd of recommended package, F3: 1/3rd of recommended package, and F4: Control) were used. Urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum and ZnSO4 were used as N, P, K, S and Zn source, respectively. According to the treatment, all fertilizers were applied as basal during final pot preparation while urea was applied in two equal splits (one half as basal and another half at 40 DAT). Nutrient content and uptake of the aromatic rice varieties were significantly affected by the application of different fertilizer packages (with few exceptions). Mostly Kalizira (1.10-0.44-2.31-0.67-13.75 g pot-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn) and/or Nagrasail (1.15-0.46-2.70-0.62-11.74 g pot-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn) varieties showed the highest nutrient uptake in grain and straw with recommended package of fertilizers. While in maximum cases Chinigura (0.41-0.16-0.76-0.197-3.17 g pot-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn) was observed to have the lowest with control treatment. In case of post harvest soil nutrient analyses, Kalizira and/or Chinigura variety associated with recommended package of fertilizers showed the highest nutrient status.

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Respons Pertumbuhan dan Rendemen Minyak Klon Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) terhadap Aplikasi Berbagai Dosis Urea (Growth Response And Yield Of Patchouli Clones (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) On Dose Urea Various Applications)

Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan ◽

10.25181/jaip.v8i2.1376 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 109-119

Author(s):

Retno Ayu Diah Pangestu ◽

M. Tahir ◽

Fatahillah Fatahillah

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Best Response ◽

Pogostemon Cablin ◽

Wet Weight ◽

The Right

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is a plant that produces essential oils and important foreign exchange earner for Indonesia. Using superior clonesÂ with the right fertilizer application will increase the yield of patchouli oil. The research aims to obtain patchouli plants that have the best response of urea fertilization application and optimum dosage of urea for patchouli plant growth. The study was conducted at the Politeknik Negeri lampungâ€™s teaching farm in December 2018 until May 2019. The experiment was conducted using a factorial randomized block design (RBD), consisting of two treatment factors, namely the type of urea clone. The first factor is the type of clone consisting of 2 levels, namely NPL 9 clone and Lhokseumawe clone. The second factor is the treatment of urea doses consisting of 4 levels, namely control, 250 kg.ha-1, 300 kg.ha-1, and 350 kg.ha-1. Variables observed included plantâ€™s height, bough, diameter, number of leaves, stalk angle, chlorophyll content, wet weight of plant, wind dry weight of plant, and yield. The results of research showedÂ NPL 9 clone had a superior appearance and 350 kg.ha-1 of urea doseÂ was the optimal dose compared to other doses and could increase patchouli yield 2,3% compared to the control treatment.

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Determining optimum rate of boron application for higher yield of wheat in Old Brahmaputra Floodplain soil

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10987 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 205-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MR Debnath ◽

M Jahiruddin ◽

MM Rahman ◽

MA Haque

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Boron Content ◽

Block Design ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Floodplain Soil ◽

P 75 ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

B Uptake ◽

Brahmaputra Floodplain

The effect of different rates of boron application on wheat cv. Bijoy was studied through a field experiment at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) farm, Mymensingh during 2009-10 rabi season. The BAU farm belongs to Old Brahmaputra Floodplain agroecological zone (AEZ 9). Texturally the soil was silt loam, with 7.2 pH, 0.81% organic matter and 0.15 mg kg-1 available boron content. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five boron rates and four replications. Boron rates were 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.0 kg ha-1, with boric acid as a source. Every plot received blanket doses of 115 kg N, 25 kg P, 75 kg K and 15 kg S ha-1 from urea, TSP, MoP and gypsum, respectively. Treatment receiving B @ 2.25 kg ha-1 produced the highest grain yield (4.22 t ha-1) which was statistically identical with that obtained with 1.75 kg B ha-1. However, the crop response curve showed 1.90 kg ha-1 to be the optimum boron rate for the maximization of wheat yield. The lowest grain yield (2.84 t/ha) was recorded with control treatment. There was a positive relationship between grain yield and number of grains spike-1. Boron had significant influence on N, P, K, S and B uptake by the crop which, in deed, was more influenced by crop yield and less by nutrient concentration, except N and B uptake where concentration had more influence than yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10987 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 205210, 2011

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Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Interference and Economic Thresholds in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500056447 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 224-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Phillip W. Stahlman ◽

Stephen D. Miller

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Bromus Tectorum ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Quadratic Equation ◽

Downy Brome ◽

Economic Threshold ◽

Weed Density ◽

Economic Thresholds

Densities up to 100 downy brome m2were established in winter wheat in southeastern Wyoming and west-central Kansas to quantify wheat yield loss from downy brome interference and to approximate economic threshold levels. A quadratic equation best described wheat yield loss as a function of weed density when downy brome emerged within 14 days after wheat emergence. Densities of 24, 40, and 65 downy brome m2reduced wheat yield by 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. Wheat yield was not reduced when downy brome emerged 21 or more days later than wheat. Economic thresholds varied with changes in downy brome density, cost of control, wheat price, and potential wheat yield. In a greenhouse experiment, dry weight of 72-day-old wheat plants grown in association with downy brome was not affected by the distance between the weeds and wheat, whereas downy brome plant dry weight increased with increasing distance between the weeds and wheat.

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Irrigation reduces the negative effect of global warming on winter wheat yield and greenhouse gas intensity

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.296 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 646 ◽

pp. 290-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jiazhen Li ◽

Wenxu Dong ◽

Oene Oenema ◽

Tuo Chen ◽

Chunsheng Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Winter Wheat Yield ◽

Greenhouse Gas Intensity

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Leaf Characteristics and Grain Yield of Three Aromatic Rice Cultivars as Influenced by 6-Benzylaminopurine

Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science ◽

10.9734/ajrcs/2020/v5i330097 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 20-30

Author(s):

M. C. Devsharmma ◽

B. C. Sarker ◽

S. K. Pramanik

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Aromatic Rice ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Leaf Characteristics ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

To explore the effects of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) on leaf characteristics and grain yield of aromatic rice the present investigation was carried out. The experimental materials comprising four concentrations of BAP (0 ppm, 30 ppm, 60 ppm and 90 ppm) and three aromatic rice cultivars (Chinigura, Kataribhog and Kalijira). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. Statistical analysis indicated that leaf characteristics and grain yield of aromatic rice were significantly influenced by the concentrations of BAP. Leaf number, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf dry weight, panicle length, 500-grain weight and grain yield were increased with the increasing concentration of BAP. Among the concentrations, the 90 ppm of BAP performed better regarding the parameters studied. Maximum number of leaf, longest leaf, maximum leaf dry weight, highest length breadth ratio of leaf and maximum 500-grain weight was observed in Kataribhog which was statistically at par with that of Kalijira. Broader leaf was observed in Chinigura, whereas longest panicle and highest grain yield was recorded from Kalijira. Among different treatment combinations the highest grain yield (4.10 t ha-1) was recorded from Kalijira × 90 ppm BAP treatment and the lowest grain yield (3.08 t ha-1) was recorded from Chinigura × control treatment.

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