People Planning by a Fixed Resource Method

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Baird ◽  
Virgil Graf ◽  
Richard Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The Ideal

Results are presented from a new method to determine a person's conception of complex stimuli. In three related experiments Ss expressed their views of ideal organisms by distributing a fixed resource among hypothetical properties of the ideal. The results from the experiments were highly correlated, lending weight to the reliability and generality of the approach. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to group the properties in two dimensions, while the mean amount allocated to a property was represented in the third dimension. A three-dimensional plot was constructed for each of four ideals: the only organism on earth, a member of the only species on earth, an organism going into outer space, and an organism coming to earth from outer space.

Theory of Electron Diffraction by Crystals

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyozaburo Kambe
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

A general theory of electron diffraction by crystals is developed. The crystals are assumed to be infinitely extended in two dimensions and finite in the third dimension. For the scattering problem by this structure two-dimensionally expanded forms of GREEN’S function and integral equation are at first derived, and combined in single three-dimensional forms. EWALD’S method is applied to sum up the series for GREEN’S function.

Developing a Better Understanding of the Engineer's Creative Role in Design

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
Bill Addis
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Space Structures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Dimension Space ◽  
Creative Role

Both architects and engineers are unconsciously drawn towards the two dimensional world – the ubiquity of the plan and elevation, and the ease of analysing 2-D structures. Yet the best architecture always exploits the three dimensional world, and the majority of structural problems and collapses occur when engineers have failed to think in the third dimension. Space structures offer an ideal learning environment for students of both architecture and engineering. They stimulate and challenge both the imagination and the intellect by forcing students out of the cosy, and often dull familiarity of two dimensions. They encourage students to conceive structures in three dimensions and drop down to two when necessary or convenient, rather than the other way round. In a world where form and forces so strongly interact, space structures force architects to step into the world of statics, and engineers into the world of geometry. An important result is a better understanding, for both architects and engineers, of the role engineers can play in helping create imaginative and practical structures.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE THIRD DIMENSION ON ROUGH SURFACES FORMED BY SEDIMENTING PARTICLES IN QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (08) ◽  
pp. 1217-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. MCCLOUD ◽  
M. L. KURNAZ
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Silica Spheres ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roughness Exponent ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Dimensional Cell ◽  
Roughness Exponents

The roughness exponent of surfaces obtained by dispersing silica spheres into a quasi-two-dimensional cell is examined. The cell consists of two glass plates separated by a gap, which is comparable in size to the diameter of the beads. Previous work has shown that the quasi-one-dimensional surfaces formed have two roughness exponents in two length scales, which have a crossover length about 1 cm. We have studied the effect of changing the gap between the plates to a limit of about twice the diameter of the beads. If the conventional scaling analysis is performed, the roughness exponent is found to be robust against changes in the gap between the plates; however, the possibility that scaling does not hold should be taken seriously.

scholarly journals New insights into the suitability of the third dimension for visualizing multivariate/multidimensional data: A study based on loss of quality quantification

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Gracia ◽  
Santiago González ◽  
Víctor Robles ◽  
Ernestina Menasalvas ◽  
Tatiana von Landesberger
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Quality Degradation ◽  
Third Dimension

Most visualization techniques have traditionally used two-dimensional, instead of three-dimensional representations to visualize multidimensional and multivariate data. In this article, a way to demonstrate the underlying superiority of three-dimensional, with respect to two-dimensional, representation is proposed. Specifically, it is based on the inevitable quality degradation produced when reducing the data dimensionality. The problem is tackled from two different approaches: a visual and an analytical approach. First, a set of statistical tests (point classification, distance perception, and outlier identification) using the two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization are carried out on a group of 40 users. The results indicate that there is an improvement in the accuracy introduced by the inclusion of a third dimension; however, these results do not allow to obtain definitive conclusions on the superiority of three-dimensional representation. Therefore, in order to draw further conclusions, a deeper study based on an analytical approach is proposed. The aim is to quantify the real loss of quality produced when the data are visualized in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces, in relation to the original data dimensionality, to analyze the difference between them. To achieve this, a recently proposed methodology is used. The results obtained by the analytical approach reported that the loss of quality reaches significantly high values only when switching from three-dimensional to two-dimensional representation. The considerable quality degradation suffered in the two-dimensional visualization strongly suggests the suitability of the third dimension to visualize data.

scholarly journals Demonstration of Three-Dimensional Indoor Visible Light Positioning with Multiple Photodiodes and Reinforcement Learning

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6470
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Huayang Chen ◽  
Weikang Zeng ◽  
Xinlong Cao ◽  
Xuezhi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
3D Space ◽  
3D Positioning

To provide high-quality location-based services in the era of the Internet of Things, visible light positioning (VLP) is considered a promising technology for indoor positioning. In this paper, we study a multi-photodiodes (multi-PDs) three-dimensional (3D) indoor VLP system enhanced by reinforcement learning (RL), which can realize accurate positioning in the 3D space without any off-line training. The basic 3D positioning model is introduced, where without height information of the receiver, the initial height value is first estimated by exploring its relationship with the received signal strength (RSS), and then, the coordinates of the other two dimensions (i.e., X and Y in the horizontal plane) are calculated via trilateration based on the RSS. Two different RL processes, namely RL1 and RL2, are devised to form two methods that further improve horizontal and vertical positioning accuracy, respectively. A combination of RL1 and RL2 as the third proposed method enhances the overall 3D positioning accuracy. The positioning performance of the four presented 3D positioning methods, including the basic model without RL (i.e., Benchmark) and three RL based methods that run on top of the basic model, is evaluated experimentally. Experimental results verify that obviously higher 3D positioning accuracy is achieved by implementing any proposed RL based methods compared with the benchmark. The best performance is obtained when using the third RL based method that runs RL2 and RL1 sequentially. For the testbed that emulates a typical office environment with a height difference between the receiver and the transmitter ranging from 140 cm to 200 cm, an average 3D positioning error of 2.6 cm is reached by the best RL method, demonstrating at least 20% improvement compared to the basic model without performing RL.

Contextualizing Multiculturalism: A Three Dimensional Examination of Multicultural Claims

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gila Stopler
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Orthodox Jews ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Cultural Minorities ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The Right ◽  
Nancy Fraser ◽  
Multicultural Theory

The emergence of multicultural theory and of claims of recognition by cultural, ethnic, and national minorities has brought to the forefront previously neglected aspects of the right to equality. However, when judged on their own, claims for recognition stand the risk of failing to fully capture, and even distorting, the meaning of equality. I suggest that in order to avoid this risk, multicultural claims need to be contextualized. Employing Nancy Fraser’s framework of two dimensions of justice—recognition and redistribution—and adding a third dimension—political participation, I suggest a framework for a contextualized assessment of multicultural claims that allows us to properly and fully assess their validity. I then go on to employ this framework on the claims of Israel’s two most significant cultural minorities—the Palestinian Arabs and the Ultra Orthodox Jews. I show how the use of the suggested framework helps to expose the considerable differences between these two cultural minorities, and consequently the notable difference in the merits of their claims, a difference that would have otherwise gone undetected.

Real-Time Soft Shadow Generating in Three-Dimensional Scene

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Lei Xiao ◽  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Xi Long Qu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Complex Scene ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cast Shadow ◽  
Shadow Mapping ◽  
Soft Shadow ◽  
Shadow Map ◽  
Third Dimension

For the sake of improving the third dimension of 3D scenes, we analyze the existent real-time shadow generating algorithms, and improve the Chan’s smoothie soft shadow algorithm, make it based on shadow map, and treat with both the inner and outer penumbra. It not only effectively resolves the problems such as some algorithms can not cast shadow on itself and some are too complex, it also solves the aliasing problems of shadow mapping, and it meet the requirements of real-time in more complex scene. At last, the algorithm is emulated with DirectX, and the experimental results show the feasibility of the algorithm.

Experimental investigation of freely falling thin disks. Part 2. Transition of three-dimensional motion from zigzag to spiral

2013 ◽  
Vol 732 ◽  
pp. 77-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cunbiao Lee ◽  
Zhuang Su ◽  
Hongjie Zhong ◽  
Shiyi Chen ◽  
Mingde Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Reynolds Number ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Kirchhoff Equations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nutation Angle ◽  
Transition Modes ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Thin Disks

AbstractThe free-fall motion of a thin disk with small dimensionless moments of inertia (${I}^{\ast } \lt 1{0}^{- 3} $) was investigated experimentally. The transition from two-dimensional zigzag motion to three-dimensional spiral motion occurs due to the growth of three-dimensional disturbances. Oscillations in the direction normal to the zigzag plane increase with the development of this instability. At the same time, the oscillation of the nutation angle decreases to zero and the angle remains constant. The effects of initial conditions (release angle) were investigated. Two kinds of transition modes, zigzag–spiral transition and zigzag–spiral–zigzag intermittence transition, were observed to be separated by a critical Reynolds number. In addition, the solution of the generalized Kirchhoff equations shows that the small ${I}^{\ast } $ is responsible for the growth of disturbances in the third dimension (perpendicular to the planar motion).

scholarly journals Effect of ROCK Pathway Manipulation on Actin Cytoskeleton Architecture: The Third Dimension

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Grandy ◽  
Fabian Port ◽  
Jonas Pfeil ◽  
Kay-Eberhard Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Actin Organization ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

Abstract The actin cytoskeleton with its dynamic properties serves as the driving force for the movement and division of cells and gives the cell shape and structure. Disorders in the actin cytoskeleton occur in many diseases. Deeper understanding of the regulation is essential in order to better understand these biochemical processes. In our study, we use metal-induced energy transfer (MIET) as a tool to quantitatively examine the rarely considered third dimension of the actin cytoskeleton with nanometer accuracy. In particular, we investigate the influence of different drugs acting on the ROCK pathway on the three-dimensional actin organization. We find that cells treated with inhibitors have a lower actin height to the substrate while treatment with a stimulator for the ROCK pathway increases the actin height to the substrate. This reveals the precise tuning of adhesion and cytoskeleton tension, which leads to a rich three-dimensional structural behaviour of the actin cytoskeleton. This finetuning is differentially affected by either inhibition or stimulation.

scholarly journals Responsiveness and Renewal in Canada's Community Colleges: A Study of Change in Organizations

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Levin ◽  
John D. Dennison
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Managing Change ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fiscal Support ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The 1960S

This study deals with change in organizations. Specifically, the focus is upon Canada's community colleges during a period of economic and socio-political change in the 1980s. Canadian colleges, born and nurtured within an unprecedented era of postsecondary educational expansion in the 1960s, were founded upon ideals of democratization of opportunity, accessibility, adaptability, and comprehensiveness. This study examines if and to what extent the colleges have retained these principles in confronting external and internal forces during the last decade. The theoretical model designed for the study involved a three-dimensional matrix in which theories of adaptation (Cameron, 1984) and power, (Mintzberg, 1979) form two dimensions. The third dimension is created from a variety of optional developmental models specific to the community college as an organization (McCartan, 1983; Cross, 1985; Dennison and Gallagher, 1986). The results of the study revealed that much of the idealism and innovation which guided the colleges in earlier days was still to be found. However, in attempting to deal with increased direction from government, and from reduced fiscal support, the colleges have sought several ways to adjust or adapt. In doing so they have become more enterpreneurial, less community-oriented, and more tightly managed. Diversity, however, was also evident, as adaptive strategies differed widely in various regions across Canada. By applying the matrix designed for the study, it was possible to determine that colleges were managing change by utilizing a variety of techniques. Change in community colleges involves a diversity of methods and produces a diversity of results.

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