Sex-Role Preference in Black Preschool Children Using a Modification of the it Scale for Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Dill ◽  
Corine E. Bradford ◽  
Suze Prudent ◽  
L. Semaj ◽  
Jay Harper
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Role Behavior ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
White Sample

In the present study, the facial features of the “IT” figure in the IT Scale for Children were used as a less biased modification for measuring sex-role preference of preschool black children (46 boys, 47 girls). Data showed that the majority of the children identified “IT” as their own sex. Also, significant differences were obtained between the present sample of black boys and those black boys in a comparison sample. No differences existed, however, between the present sample and the original normative white sample of boys. Black girls in the present sample were as feminine as both the black and white comparison samples. The results indicate that the facial features version is appropriate when using the IT Scale. Black children seemed to manifest sex-role preference similar to their white peers although girls' scores were more variable. Previous assumptions regarding the socialization of sex-role behavior of black children are challengeable and must be reconsidered.

Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Role Preference

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.

Experimenter Effect on Sex-Role Preference among Black and White Lower-Class Male Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1295-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paddy A. Doll ◽  
Hacker J. Fagot ◽  
Joanna D. Himbert
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Experimenter Effect ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
Administration Method ◽  
Main Effects

The It Scale for Children (ITSC) was administered to 240 white and black lower-class children at 6-, 9-, and 12-yr.-old age levels. Neither the sex of E nor the age and race of S had any main effects on sex-role preference scores, but there were significant interactions between sex of E, race of S and administration method.

Homogeneity Reliability of the it Scale for Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Feinman ◽  
Sharon L. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Homogeneity Coefficient ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
Female Experimenter ◽  
Diagnostic Work

Although the It Scale for Children (IT scale) is probably the most commonly used measure of sex-role preference in children, its test homogeneity has not been previously reported. The IT scale was administered individually to 38 boys and 40 girls in grades N through 2 of a university school by either a male or a female experimenter. The homogeneity coefficient for girls was larger than that for boys ( p < .01). Neither the Sex of E nor the interaction, Sex of S × Sex of E, was significant. Although the coefficients for girls and boys were large enough for basic research, only the coefficient for girls was large enough for diagnostic work with present sample sizes. Further investigation of the test homogeneity of the IT scale was suggested.

Examiner Effect on Sex-Role Preference among Black and White Lower-Class Female Children

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paddy A. Doll ◽  
Hacker J. Fagot ◽  
Joanna D. Himbert
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Female Children

The IT Scale for Children (ITSC) was administered to 240 white and black lower-class gills at 6-, 9-, and 12-yr.-old age levels. On the standard version, race and age of Ss had significant effects on sex-role preference scores, but the sex of the examiner did not. On the concealed version, the sex of the examiner had a significant main effect. In addition, there was significant interaction between sex of examiner and the age and race of Ss.

Centering “Grace”: Challenging Anti-Blackness in Schooling Through Motherwork

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
Terri N. Watson ◽  
Gwendolyn S. Baxley
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
School Leadership ◽  
School Leaders ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Black Girlhood ◽  
Patricia Hill Collins ◽  
Educational Advocacy

Anti-Blackness is global and present in every facet of society, including education. In this article, we examine the challenges Black girls encounter in schools throughout the United States. Guided by select research centered on Black women in their roles as mothers, activists and school leaders, we assert that sociologist Patricia Hill Collins’ concept of Motherwork should be an essential component in reframing the praxis of school leadership and in helping school leaders to rethink policies, practices, and ideologies that are anti-Black and antithetical to Blackness and Black girlhood. While most research aimed to improve the schooling experiences of Black children focuses on teacher and school leader (mis)perceptions and systemic racial biases, few studies build on the care and efficacy personified by Black women school leaders. We argue that the educational advocacy of Black women on behalf of Black children is vital to culturally responsive school leadership that combats anti-Blackness and honors Black girlhood. We conclude with implications for school leaders and those concerned with the educational experiences of Black children, namely Black girls.

Effect of Race on the Outcome of Pediatric Patients With Hodgkin's Lymphoma

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1282-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika L. Metzger ◽  
Sharon M. Castellino ◽  
Melissa M. Hudson ◽  
Shesh N. Rai ◽  
Sue C. Kaste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin’S Lymphoma ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽  
Event Free Survival ◽  
White Children ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Patients

Purpose Some cooperative groups have found a survival disadvantage in black children with various childhood cancers. We examine the effects of race on clinical outcomes among children with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) treated with contemporary therapy at a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of 327 children and adolescents diagnosed with HL between 1990 and 2005. Patients were treated with risk-directed multimodal therapy regardless of race, ethnicity, or ability to pay. Event-free and overall survival rates were compared for black and white children. Clinical characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and biologic features were analyzed for prognosis of treatment failure. Results The 262 white and 65 black patients did not differ significantly in presenting features, clinical characteristics, or enrollment in a clinical trial. More black patients (71% v 45%) resided in poor counties (P < .001). While black and white children were equally likely to have progressive disease or early relapse, black children were 3.7 times (95% CI, 1.7 to 8.0) more likely to relapse 12 months or more after diagnosis. The 5-year event-free survival was 71% ± 6.1% (SE) for black and 84% ± 2.4% for white children (P = .01). However, the 5-year survival rate did not differ between white and black children (94.4% v 94.7%). While black race and low hemoglobin concentration were independent predictors of treatment failure, only low hemoglobin concentration independently predicted poor survival. Conclusion Black children with Hodgkin's lymphoma have lower event-free survival than white children, but both populations have the same 5-year overall survival.

Trajectories of Body Mass and Self-Concept in Black and White Girls

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Mustillo ◽  
Kimber L. Hendrix ◽  
Markus H. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Body Image Discrepancy

As a stigmatizing condition, obesity may lead to the internalization of devalued labels and threats to self-concept. Modified labeling theory suggests that the effects of stigma may outlive direct manifestations of the discredited characteristic itself. This article considers whether obesity’s effects on self-concept linger when obese youth enter the normal body mass range. Using longitudinal data from the National Growth and Health Study on 2,206 black and white girls, we estimated a parallel-process growth mixture model of body mass linked to growth models of body image discrepancy and self-esteem. We found that discrepancy was higher and self-esteem lower in formerly obese girls compared to girls always in the normal range and comparable to chronically obese girls. Neither body image discrepancy nor self-esteem rebounded in white girls despite reduction in body mass, suggesting that the effects of stigma linger. Self-esteem, but not discrepancy, did rebound in black girls.

scholarly journals Iringan Musik Dalam Pantomim

SELONDING ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Iswantara
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Theater Arts ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
Structure Approach ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Multi Level

Pantomime is one of the oldest theater arts, where mime artists tell something just using their body, without talking. Pantomime artists are known for their white makeup and black pigtails, as well as other facial features to exaggerate their emotions. Black and white striped tops, white gloves and black hats are also complete with traditional Pantomime artist costumes. These clothes and makeup have become a tradition of many Pantomime artists. In adding the atmosphere of the movement displayed, a music illustration is given to bring the atmosphere to life.This study uses qualitative methods and action research methods which is a reflective research method. This type of research is able to offer new ways and procedures to improve and enhance the professionalism of pantomime presentation techniques. The approach used is structural and educative. The structure approach is used to solve something related to the arrangement or building of multi-level pantomime presentations, while the educational approach is used to solve those relating to pantomime education.Music illustrations in the Pantomime show can support the atmosphere of the show. The music played can be adjusted to the theme of the movement played by a Pantomime. Keywords: Pantomime, Illustration of Music, Atmosphere.

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