Examiner Effect on Sex-Role Preference among Black and White Lower-Class Female Children

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paddy A. Doll ◽  
Hacker J. Fagot ◽  
Joanna D. Himbert
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Female Children

The IT Scale for Children (ITSC) was administered to 240 white and black lower-class gills at 6-, 9-, and 12-yr.-old age levels. On the standard version, race and age of Ss had significant effects on sex-role preference scores, but the sex of the examiner did not. On the concealed version, the sex of the examiner had a significant main effect. In addition, there was significant interaction between sex of examiner and the age and race of Ss.

Experimenter Effect on Sex-Role Preference among Black and White Lower-Class Male Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1295-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paddy A. Doll ◽  
Hacker J. Fagot ◽  
Joanna D. Himbert
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Experimenter Effect ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
Administration Method ◽  
Main Effects

The It Scale for Children (ITSC) was administered to 240 white and black lower-class children at 6-, 9-, and 12-yr.-old age levels. Neither the sex of E nor the age and race of S had any main effects on sex-role preference scores, but there were significant interactions between sex of E, race of S and administration method.

Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Role Preference

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.

Effect of Experimenter's Gender on Responses to a Sex-Role Attitude Questionnaire

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Galla ◽  
John D. Frisone ◽  
Linda R. Jeffrey ◽  
Eleanor P. Gaer
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Instruction Set ◽  
Attitude Questionnaire ◽  
Main Effect

Previous experiments have demonstrated that the gender of an experimenter will influence a subject's responses to a sex-role attitude questionnaire. The present study was designed to determine if the effect of the experimenter's gender could be modified as a function of instruction set. Although effects of experimenter's and subject's gender were significant and consistent with previous findings, no significant main effect of instruction was found. There was, however, a significant interaction of subjects' gender and instruction.

The Ability of Listeners to Report Oral Responses of Black and White Children

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Clark Gerken ◽  
John W. Deichmann
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Nonstandard Analysis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Oral Responses ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
White College

A group of 20 black and 20 white college students viewed videotapes of eight first-grade boys and recorded in writing the boys' responses to 10 vocabulary items from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The eight boys represented four dialect groups: black standard, black nonstandard, white standard, and white nonstandard. Analysis of the data revealed significant interactions between race and dialect of child relative to (1) a listener’s ability to report in writing a child’s verbatim responses without producing a change in the WISC scoring of the responses, and (2) a listener’s ability to restate in writing a child’s responses without producing a change in the scoring of the responses. Further, both dialect and race of child were found to be significantly related to (3) the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses. The race of the listener as a main effect was not found to be significantly related to (1), (2), or (3). However, significant interaction did occur between race of listener and race of child, as well as among race of listener, race of child, and dialect of child relative to (3), the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses.

Sex-Role Preference in Black Preschool Children Using a Modification of the it Scale for Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Dill ◽  
Corine E. Bradford ◽  
Suze Prudent ◽  
L. Semaj ◽  
Jay Harper
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Role Behavior ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
White Sample

In the present study, the facial features of the “IT” figure in the IT Scale for Children were used as a less biased modification for measuring sex-role preference of preschool black children (46 boys, 47 girls). Data showed that the majority of the children identified “IT” as their own sex. Also, significant differences were obtained between the present sample of black boys and those black boys in a comparison sample. No differences existed, however, between the present sample and the original normative white sample of boys. Black girls in the present sample were as feminine as both the black and white comparison samples. The results indicate that the facial features version is appropriate when using the IT Scale. Black children seemed to manifest sex-role preference similar to their white peers although girls' scores were more variable. Previous assumptions regarding the socialization of sex-role behavior of black children are challengeable and must be reconsidered.

Relationship between Bem Sex-Role Inventory Groups and Attitudes of Sexism

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Faulkender
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between scores on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and a newly developed scale designed to measure external sexism, internal sexism, and perceived innate sex differences. Both scales were administered to 85 female and 28 male undergraduates. There was a significant main effect for sex, with men having higher sexism scores than women. Both men and women scored significantly higher on internal sexism, the measure over familial division of labor. There was a significant interaction of sexism scores × sex-role groups; traditional sex-role groups scored highest on internal sexism and perceived innate sex differences.

Factors Affecting Personal Space toward a Group

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl M. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Target Person ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Left Target

The personal space of 160 males and 160 females was measured relative to target groups whose characteristics varied in size (1, 2, 3, 4), type of person (men, women, boy, and girl), and direction of orientation (right, front, left). Two analyses of variance were completed: (a) sex of subject × type of target person × group size × direction of facing and (b) sex of subject × direction of facing of right target × direction of facing of left target person × man-woman composition. Personal space was smaller toward groups not containing a man than for those containing a man, for groups of children than adults when approaching face to face, for groups of females than males when approaching from behind, for groups facing away than for groups facing at right angles than for groups facing toward. Although group size was involved in a significant interaction with type of person and direction of facing, it did not produce a significant main effect. Sex of subject also was not significant, showing that males and females exhibited generic social schemas in personal spacing toward groups.

scholarly journals Multi-ethnic Investigation of Risk and Immune Determinants of COVID-19 Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomi Jun ◽  
Divij Mathew ◽  
Navya Sharma ◽  
Sharon Nirenberg ◽  
Hsin-Hui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Black Population ◽  
P Value ◽  
Interleukin 1 Beta ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Study Setting ◽  
Hispanic White ◽  
White Patients

Objectives: To compare risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among hospitalized Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Black, and White patients. Design: Retrospecitve cohort study Setting: Five hosptials within a single academic health system Participants: 3,086 adult patients with self-reported race/ethnicity information presenting to the emergency department and hospitalized with COVID-19 up to April 13, 2020. Main outcome measures: In-hospital mortality Results: While older age (multivariable OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.05-1.07) and baseline hypoxia (multivariable OR 2.71, 95% CI 2.17-3.36) were associated with increased mortality overall and across all races/ethnicities, Non-Hispanic Black (median age 67, IQR 58-76) and Hispanic (median age 63, IQR 50-74) patients were younger and had different comorbidity profiles compared to Non-Hispanic White patients (median age 73, IQR 62-84; p<0.05 for both comparisons). Among inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19 mortality, there was a significant interaction between the Non-Hispanic Black population and interleukin-1-beta (interaction p-value 0.04). Conclusions: This analysis of a multi-ethnic cohort highlights the need for inclusion and consideration of diverse popualtions in ongoing COVID-19 trials targeting inflammatory cytokines.

Would You Accept a Facebook Friend Request from Your Boss?

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-147
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Karl ◽  
Richard S. Allen ◽  
Charles S. White ◽  
Joy Van Eck Peluchette ◽  
Douglas E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Main Effect

Because Millennials and Generation X tend to desire close relationships with their leaders, expect frequent and open communication, and integrate their personal and professional contacts via social media, it was predicted they would be more likely than Baby Boomers to accept a Facebook friend request from their boss. Although no main effect was found for generational differences, a significant interaction between self-disclosure and generation was found, such that self-disclosure was positively related to acceptance of a friend request from one's boss for Baby Boomers and Generation X, but negatively related for Millennials. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

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