Information Processing in a Binary Classification Task

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cephas J. Adkins ◽  
Ben B. Morgan ◽  
Earl A. Alluisi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Display Size ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Within Subjects

Three choice-reaction time studies were conducted to investigate whether information processing is exhaustive or self-terminating, serial or parallel, and N-dependent or N-independent. A total of 54 subjects were requited to make key-pressing responses to one, two, or three digits presented in a circular display; one key was pressed if the display contained one or more target digits and another key was pressed if the display contained only nontarget digits. The first two studies utilized within-subjects designs in which the displays were consttucted from only one target and one nontarget item (Study 1) or from three target and seven nontarget items (Study 2). The third study used a between-subjects design in which different groups of subjects responded to one-, two-, or three-element displays. In general, the results indicate that CRTs increased as the total number of display elements increased and decreased as the number of target elements (or the ratio of target to nontarget items) increased for a given display size. When only target elements were presented, CRT was independent of the number of elements displayed, and when only one target was presented, CRT increased as total number of elements increased. These combined results are interpreted as support for the inference that information processing in visual search tasks tends to be self-terminating, serial, and N-dependent (of limited capacity).

Curved Versus Flat Monitors: Interactive Effects of Display Curvature Radius and Display Size on Visual Search Performance and Visual Fatigue

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082092271
Author(s):  
Gyouhyung Kyung ◽  
Sungryul Park
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Display Size ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Curvature Radius ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Visual Display Terminal ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Curved Displays

Objective The aim of this study is to examine the interactive effects of display curvature radius and display size on visual search accuracy, visual search speed, and visual fatigue. Background Although the advantages of curved displays have been reported, little is known about the interactive effects of display curvature radius and size. Method Twenty-seven individuals performed visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm using eight configurations involving four display curvature radii (400R, 600R, 1200R, and flat) and two display sizes (33″ and 50″). To simulate curved screens, five flat display panels were horizontally arranged with their centers concentrically repositioned following each display curvature radius. Results For accuracy, speed, and fatigue, 33″–600R and 50″–600R provided the best or comparable-to-best results, whereas 50″–flat provided the worst results. For accuracy and fatigue, 33″–flat was the second worst. The changes in the horizontal field of view and viewing angle due to display curvature as well as the association between effective display curvature radii and empirical horopter (loci of perceived equidistance) can explain these results. Conclusion The interactive effects of display curvature radius and size were evident for visual search performance and fatigue. Beneficial effects of curved displays were maintained across 33″ and 50″, whereas increasing flat display size from 33″ to 50″ was detrimental. Application For visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm, 33″–600R and 50″ 600R displays are recommended, as opposed to 33″ and 50″ flat displays. Wide flat displays must be carefully considered for visual display terminal tasks.

A Search for Search Asymmetry in Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1287-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Tomonaga
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Display Size ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Search Asymmetry ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Other Hand

Two chimpanzees and two humans were trained on visual search tasks with several sets of geometric forms composed of 1 and 2 elements (graphemes). When the double-grapheme item was the target and single grapheme item was the distractor, both chimpanzees and humans searched the target quickly irrespective of the display size. On the other hand, when the single-grapheme item was the target and double-grapheme item was the distractor, they showed an increase in response times as a function of the display size on some sets of stimuli. These results were considered as evidence for search asymmetry by chimpanzees.

Serotonin and human information processing: an electromyographic study of the effects of fluvoxamine on choice reaction time

1999 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rihet ◽  
Thierry Hasbroucq ◽  
Olivier Blin ◽  
Camille-Aimé Possamaı̈
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Human Information Processing

Face Detection in Peripheral Vision: Do Faces Pop Out?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1555-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Brown ◽  
Dale Huey ◽  
John M Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Face Detection ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Target Face ◽  
The Third ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Improved Performance

We examined whether faces can produce a ‘pop-out’ effect in visual search tasks. In the first experiment, subjects' eye movements and search latencies were measured while they viewed a display containing a target face amidst distractors. Targets were upright or inverted faces presented with seven others of the opposite polarity as an ‘around-the-clock’ display. Face images were either photographic or ‘feature only’, with the outline removed. Naive subjects were poor at locating an upright face from an array of inverted faces, but performance improved with practice. In the second experiment, we investigated systematically how training improved performance. Prior to testing, subjects were practised on locating either upright or inverted faces. All subjects benefited from training. Subjects practised on upright faces were faster and more accurate at locating upright target faces than inverted. Subjects practised on inverted faces showed no difference between upright and inverted targets. In the third experiment, faces with ‘jumbled’ features were used as distractors, and this resulted in the same pattern of findings. We conclude that there is no direct rapid ‘pop-out’ effect for faces. However, the findings demonstrate that, in peripheral vision, upright faces show a processing advantage over inverted faces.

scholarly journals Moderate whisky consumption in combination with an evening meal reduces tryptophan availability to the brain but does not influence performance in healthy volunteers

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 995-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rob Markus ◽  
Aafje Sierksma ◽  
Cees Verbeek ◽  
Jan J. M. van Rooijen ◽  
Hamina J. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Evening Meal ◽  
Plasma Tryptophan ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
The Brain

Brain serotonin (5-HT) synthesis is controlled by nutrients that influence the availability of plasma tryptophan (Trp) as compared with the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (LNAA; Trp:LNAA). Alcohol consumption is found to change mood and performance and this might well be due to alterations in the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and brain 5-HT. In the present study, we tested whether whisky consumption as part of a meal may alter the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and influence mood and performance in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four healthy male subjects participated in a within-subjects cross-over study. Subjects consumed whisky (125ml; 40g alcohol) or water (125ml) as part of a standard evening meal. Effects of whisky consumption were tested on mood and choice reaction time and blood samples were taken to measure changes in plasma amino acids, glucose and insulin. The plasma Trp:LNAA ratio showed a significant decline 2h after whisky consumption of alcohol (P<0·001). No effects were found on choice reaction time or mood as compared with the control condition. The present findings reveal that whisky consumption alters available plasma Trp for uptake into the brain, whereas there were no effects on mood and performance.

Psychological refractory period and the length of time required to make a decision

1967 ◽  
Vol 168 (1011) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Psychological Refractory Period ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Right

Three groups of men were tested in a situation involving reaction to two successive stimuli at a short known time interval. Each reaction required the choice of one of two reaction keys, depending upon the light stimulus delivered. For one group of subjects, the first reaction was made easy by making the left key correct for the left light; for the second group, the first reaction was made slower by making the left key correct for the right light. In the third group, one of the two possible stimuli for the first reaction occurred more often than the other, so that the first reaction was sometimes fast and sometimes slow. The second reaction was delayed if the interval between stimuli was shorter than the first reaction time; in conditions where the first reaction time was longer, the second reaction time was delayed by an even greater amount. This result supports the view that a common decision-making mechanism of limited capacity is occupied by the first reaction and so is unable to deal with the second one; two other theories of the effect seem inconsistent with the present data.

Display Size Effects in Visual Search: Analyses of Reaction Time Distributions as Mixtures

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 988-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Reynolds ◽  
Jeff Miller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Likelihood Ratio Test ◽  
Display Size ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Search Models

In a reanalysis of data from Cousineau and Shiffrin (2004) and two new visual search experiments, we used a likelihood ratio test to examine the full distributions of reaction time (RT) for evidence that the display size effect is a mixture-type effect that occurs on only a proportion of trials, leaving RT in the remaining trials unaffected, as is predicted by serial self-terminating search models. Experiment 1 was a reanalysis of Cousineau and Shiffrin's data, for which a mixture effect had previously been established by a bimodal distribution of RTs, and the results confirmed that the likelihood ratio test could also detect this mixture. Experiment 2 applied the likelihood ratio test within a more standard visual search task with a relatively easy target/distractor discrimination, and Experiment 3 applied it within a target identification search task within the same types of stimuli. Neither of these experiments provided any evidence for the mixture-type display size effect predicted by serial self-terminating search models. Overall, these results suggest that serial self-terminating search models may generally be applicable only with relatively difficult target/distractor discriminations, and then only for some participants. In addition, they further illustrate the utility of analysing full RT distributions in addition to mean RT.

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