Perception of Memorized Words and Nonwords

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Deboeck ◽  
J. Hueting ◽  
E. Soetens
Keyword(s):  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tachistoscopic Recognition

In this experiment we tried to explain why a word is perceived more accurately than a nonword. We compared the accuracy of the tachistoscopic recognition of words with memorized words and of nonwords with memorized nonwords. We used the method of the critical interstimulus interval (Turvey, 1973). The results showed that the over-all performance was better in the word conditions than in the nonword conditions, but the influence of the memorizing factor was virtually nonexistent. This is in contradiction with two proposed hypotheses, the “feature redundancy theory” because the memorizing factor was not significant and Massaro's (1973) assumptions that the difference between words and nonwords is due to redundancy. Although words and nonwords were equated for redundancy, there remained a difference in processing time. Words and nonwords seem to be processed in essentially different ways. The word advantage seems to be dependent upon the subjects' strategy to consider the presented words as a whole.

The Psychological Factors of a Premature Response Based on Contingent Negative Variation

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiho Hiraku ◽  
Haeuo Sakuma
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Contingent Negative Variation ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Warning Stimulus ◽  
Optimal Prediction ◽  
Premature Response ◽  
Control Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Early Late

The psychological factors of a premature response on simple reaction-time tasks were examined by comparing the difference between control responses (33 samples) and premature responses (33 samples) using the index of Contingent Negative Variation (CNV). The first (warning) stimulus was a click, the second (imperative) stimulus was a colored circular figure presented on a CRT, and the interstimulus interval was set at 3 sec. 72 trials were administered to the 24 subjects, then 33 artifact-free CNV data in a premature response were shown. Analyses indicated that CNV amplitudes in the premature response were lower than those in the control response at frontal position. Especially in the premature response, CNV waveforms stayed around baseline toward S2 at F3 and F4. In the analyses of variance, every CNV component (early, late, and whole components) at F4 or Fz was significantly lower for the premature response. These results suggested that the optimal prediction, arousal, and attention do not seem to be maintained in a premature response.

scholarly journals Utilization of Technology to Improve Efficiency in Investigational Drug Management Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Dinesh Pal Mudaranthakam ◽  
Colin Cernik ◽  
Leslie Curtis ◽  
Blake Griffith ◽  
Jinxiang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Study Drug ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Utilization Of Technology ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Difference

Background: Background: An investigational pharmacy is responsible for all tasks related to receiving, storing, and dispensing of any investigational drugs. Traditional methods of inventory and protocol tracking on paper binders are very tedious and could be error-prone. Objective: To evaluate the utilization of the IDS to efficiently manage the inventory within an investigational Pharmacy. We hypothesize that the IDS will reduce the drug processing time. Methods: Our pharmacy tracked the drug processing time before and after using the IDS including the receiving, dispensing, and inventory. As part of the receiving the study drug pharmacists tracked the time it took a pharmacist to complete the tasks of logging the study drug before and after the implementation of the IDS system. In addition, the pharmacy also timed the process for drug dispensing and a full investigational drug inventory check. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the difference in the meantime of total processing before and after the IDS. Results: Utilization of the IDS system showed significant reduction in processing time, and improvement of efficiency in inventory management. Additionally, the usability survey of the IDS demonstrated that the IDS system helped pharmacists capture data consistently across every clinical trial. Conclusion: Our results demonstrates how technology helps pharmacists to focus on their actual day to day medication-related tasks rather than worrying about other operational aspects. Informatics team continues to further enhance the features such as monitor portal, and features related to finance – generation of invoices, billing reconciliation, etc.

scholarly journals MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY OF MALAY- AND SWEDISH-ACCENTED ENGLISH: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeseung Jeong Jeong ◽  
Bosse Thorén ◽  
Juliana Othman
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
International Language ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Accented English ◽  
Core Features

In using English as an international language (EIL), one important issue is mutual intelligibility among EIL speakers from different language backgrounds. The present study investigates the cross-linguistic intelligibility of Malay-accented English and Swedish-accented English, regarding the three phonetic features – word stress pattern, consonant clusters, and long vowel in particular. We prepared 15 English statements that are evidently true or false if understood, and examined to what extent the three phonetic features are related to 30 Swedish and 38 Malaysian listeners’ understandings of the statements read by a speaker from the other language group. We compared the Malaysian and Swedish listeners’ answers given with understanding as well as processing time to respond. The listeners’ own accounts of their struggles in understanding the speakers’ pronunciations were also analyzed. Results show that Malaysian listeners easily understood Swedish-accented English, while Swedish listeners struggled to understand Malay-accented English. The difference between the two groups of listeners seems to be closely related to the degree of the realization of the three phonetic features by the speakers as well as to the degree of the use of these features as perceptual cues by the listeners. Based on the findings, we discuss potential phonetic core features of EIL for intelligibility and some pedagogical implications for teaching English pronunciation to the learners of the language.

Attitude-Consistent Health Messages About Electronic Cigarettes Increase Processing Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Wilcox ◽  
Richard Huskey ◽  
David C. DeAndrea
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Elaboration Likelihood ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Likelihood Model ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Online contexts are becoming a widely available space to disseminate health information and target specific populations for health campaigns. Limited evidence for health message engagement in these contexts exists. This study draws on the elaboration likelihood model and construal-level theory to predict processing time and recall when individuals are presented with messages for or against electronic cigarette use from socially close or distant sources. Participants ( N = 159) were shown messages about electronic cigarettes, designed to look like tweets, from socially close and socially distant message senders. Processing times were highest for pro-attitudinal messages while messages from socially close sources were more likely to be recalled, and furthering social distance increased the difference in processing times for pro- and counter-attitudinal messages. We demonstrate the applicability of behavioral measures in online studies, while finding that attitudes, social distance, and their interaction affect measures of message processing. These findings suggest further exploration may be needed to differentiate between processing time and counterarguing. From our findings, we offer applied practitioners guidance on how to develop messages that target audiences will spend more time considering and are more likely to remember.

scholarly journals Supply Chain Batching Problem with Identical Orders and Lifespan

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Shanlin Li ◽  
Maoqin Li ◽  
Hong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Recursion Formula ◽  
Dynamic Programming Algorithm ◽  
Setup Time ◽  
Polynomial Time Algorithm ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
Programming Algorithm ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
The Difference

In the real world, there are a large number of supply chains that involve the short lifespan products. In this paper, we consider an integrated production and distribution batch scheduling problem on a single machine for the orders with a short lifespan, because it may be cheaper or faster to process and distribute orders in a batch than to process and distribute them individually. Assume that the orders have the identical processing time and come from the same location, and the batch setup time is a constant. The problem is to choose the number of batches and batch sizes to minimize the total delivery time without violating the order lifespan. We first give a backward dynamic programming algorithm, but it is not an actually polynomial-time algorithm. Then we propose a constant time partial dynamic programming algorithm by doing further research into the recursion formula in the algorithm. Further, using the difference characteristics of the optimal value function, a specific calculating formula to solve the problem with the setup time being integer times of the processing time is obtained.

scholarly journals Fast algorithm for the determination of the optimum filter for bone SPECT image reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afef houimli ◽  
Issam benmhammed ◽  
Bechir letaief ◽  
Dorra Ben-Sellem
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Spect Image ◽  
Simultaneous Reconstruction ◽  
Bone Spect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Butterworth Filters ◽  
Suitable Technique

Abstract In SPECT, the reconstructed images are strongly affected by poisson noise, poor spatial resolution and bad contrast due to the radioactivity disintegration and procedures acquisition. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to improve the traditional FBP reconstruction and to choose the most suitable technique for bone SPECT image denoising. The proposed approach is composed of two steps. The first one consists of denoising the acquired sinograms using successively eight currently used filters in nuclear medicine: Wiener, Metz, Hamming, Hann, Shepp-Logan, Parzen, Butterworth and Gaussian combined with Butterworth filters. The second step is a simultaneous reconstruction of the axial slices using a new 3D FBP algorithm for each filter. A comparative study of these filters is tested and evaluated on a dataset containing thirty one bone SPECT image. The results show that the difference between these filters is statistically significantly different from each other (p<0.05) and the 3D FBP with the combination between Butterworth and Gaussian provide the best performance. The selected method is compared to three denoising methods. These methods are tested on a Shepp Logan phantom and bone SPECT images. Experimental results show that the 3D FBP reconstruction with the pre-processing combination (Gaussian (Std=0.3) + Butterworth (fc=0.47, ordre=3)) filter is more accurate and robust compared to other methods. It provides the highest performance in term of contrast, SNR, CNR ensuring a shorter processing time. It accelerates the reconstruction, reduces noise and artifacts while preserving detailed features. This approach could be considered as a valuable candidate to enhance the quality of the reconstructed bone SPECT image.

Optimasi Pencarian Kata pada Aplikasi Penerjemah Bahasa Mandarin – Indonesia Berbasis Android dengan Algoritma Levenshtein Distance

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Peggy Peggy ◽  
Seng Hansun
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Levenshtein Distance ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
The Difference

In the Chinese-Indonesian language translator application on electronic device, such as Android, input is all about pinyin. Sometimes, some errors could occured. User can not find the word which he is searching for. These errors can increase the number of processing time. A solution to solve these errors is performing optimization on the application, i.e. by providing some alternative approaches word which typed by user. Application will sort alternative words according to the smallest distance to the largest distance. Then, application will display alternative words order from top priority which has the smallest distance, to low priority which has the largest distance. In brief, translator application with optimization is useful to shorten processing time of translating from Chinese to Indonesian by providing alternative words. Optimization is done with Levenshtein Distance algorithm. Levenshtein Distance algorithm will calculate the difference between the distance of the word user typed among alternative words. Index Terms─Android, Chinese, Indonesian, Levenshtein Distance, optimization, translator application

scholarly journals Analysis of the error associated with the subsampling of Chironomidae in an intermittent stream of semi-arid Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela Lima de Farias ◽  
Thuanny Fernanda Braga Alencar ◽  
Jéssica Alcoforado de Sena Lima ◽  
Elvio Sergio Figueredo Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Sample Processing ◽  
Intermittent Stream ◽  
Random Subset ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Semi Arid

Chironomidae is a common family in freshwaters, often occurring at high densities, which hinders the processing of large samples, given that time and labor are usually limited. The present study aims at evaluating the extent of the error related with the subsampling of Chironomidae from a larger sample with regard to the size of the individuals between a sample and the subsample. A total of 9195 chironomids were collected from three sites in an intermittent stream. Samples were taken using a D-shaped net (250 µm) on eight occasions. Individuals from each sample were homogenized in a gridded Petri dish and coordinates from lines and columns were randomly drawn. Individuals from the assigned coordinates were selected until 100 individuals or 10% of the sample were chosen. Comparisons were made between the proportion of larger (≥5mm) and smaller individuals (<5mm) between the samples and subsamples, and it was established the correlation between the size of the error and the size of the sample, using the rank coefficient of Spearman. The highest error observed was 12.7%, meaning that the difference in larger individuals between the sample and subsample reached that value. However on six of the eight samples the error was below 3%. Spearman correlation showed no significance between the error observed and the size of the sample (ρ=0.38, p=0.35), meaning that larger samples will not yield larger error associated with the size of the individuals. The present study indicates that the subsampling technique used is capable of drawing a random subset of individuals from a sample of chironomids with regard to their size. This technique can be used in ecological or biomonitoring studies in order to reduce sample processing time without creating a bias in the analysis.

scholarly journals Changes during the extrusion of semolina in mixture with sugars

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Farouk Mansour ◽  
F. Pudil ◽  
V. Janda ◽  
J. Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Yellow Pigments

Wheat semolina and its mixtures with 5% glucose, fructose of sucrose were processed in a sigle screw extruder at the maximum temperature of 140&deg;C and the processing time of 30 s. The nonenzymic browning was only moderate, but it was substantially more intensive in mixtures with glucose or fructose than in the case of wheat semolina or its mixture with sucrose. Red and yellow pigments were mainly formed. The odour acceptability was affected by the presence of sugars almost negligibly, but the intensities were different, higher in extruded mixtures with glucose and fructose than in wheat semolina or its mixture with sucrose. Small differences were observed in the sensory profile. Extrusion of semolina with sugars produced more sensory active volatiles (52&ndash;69 identified compounds) than in extruded semolina (41 compounds). Pyrazines, furans and pyrans were the most important sensory active compounds. Their amounts increased by the addition of sugars to semolina; the mixture of semolina with glucose was particularly rich in active compounds. The formation of pyrazines was more enhanced by the addition of fructose than of other sugars. Maltol, butyrolactone and acetic acid were present in large amounts. Even if sensory characteristics were improved by addition of sugars to semolina, the difference was not very pronounced.

scholarly journals Effect of Language Switching On the Response Latency in the Cued Picture-Naming Paradigm among Hindi Dominant and Balanced Bilinguals

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mishra K. A ◽  
Asthana, H. S. ◽  
Singh, I. L.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required

Language dominance has long been considered an important factor in determining the processing time associated with language switching. It is evident that when an unbalanced bilingual switch from ones non-dominant to dominant language (backward switching), s/he requires more reaction time in comparison to when s/he switches from dominant language to non-dominant language (forward switching). In this study, the researcher examined the effects of language dominance and switching on the response time in the cued picture-naming paradigm. Results indicate that the overall response time required by balanced bilingual is less than that of Hindi dominant bilinguals. It was also found that, Hindi dominant required more reaction time in backward switching in comparison to forward switching. For balanced bilinguals, the difference between forward and backward switching was not found to be significant. The results of this study have been discussed in light of the concept of ‘reactive inhibition’ of the Inhibitory Control Model (ICM).

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