Perceptual Differences of Ss Classified as Reward Seekers and Punishment Avoiders

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Bell ◽  
Donald L. Mc Manis
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Perceptual Differences ◽  
Test Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

College Ss classified as reward-seeking or punishment-avoiding were tested for field-dependency on Witkin's rod-and-frame test. Female Ss were significantly more field-dependent than male Ss ( p < .01). Whereas the punishment-avoiding females were more field-dependent than the reward-seeking females, the opposite relation between orientation and field dependency was found for the males, resulting in a significant interaction ( p < .05). These results were replicated when the effect of intelligence was factored out, indicating that orientation rather than intelligence produced the perceptual differences. These findings indicated greater perceptual rigidity in the punishment-avoiding females but not in the males.

Effects of Field-Dependency on Weight Comparisons

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Blasi ◽  
Henry A. Cross ◽  
John A. Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Contextual Influence ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Comparison Weight ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

20 field-independent and 20 field-dependent Ss were selected on the basis of performance on the Rod-and-frame Test and were asked to estimate a comparison weight in the context of two different original weights. Visual cues were controlled. 10 Ss in each group estimated a heavier weight which was paired on 2 consecutive trials with 1 of 2 lighter weights and the remaining Ss estimated a lighter weight in the context of two heavier weights. The difference in estimates of the same comparison weights served as an indication of contextual influence. The field-dependent Ss, estimating lighter weights, were influenced by context to a significantly greater extent than the other groups. The field-dependency dimension may affect performance on a variety of different perceptual tasks.

Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson ◽  
Ann Van Dyke ◽  
Theodore G. Sternbach ◽  
Russell Brethauer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.

Sex Differences in Undershoot with Extended Exposure Time in the Rod-and-Frame Test

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Hayes ◽  
P. H. Venables
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Time Condition ◽  
Sensitive Measure ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Extended Exposure ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

In 11 male and 11 female Ss increased exposure time in the RFT gave a significant impairment in performance, as measured in absolute mean error ( p < .001), establishing that the exposure-time effect reported by the same authors in 26 female Ss also applies to males. When sign of error was taken into account, undershoot in the long exposure time condition was significantly greater than overshoot ( p < .001) and a significant interaction between sex and undershoot-overshoot was demonstrated ( p < .05). Use of long exposures gives a more sensitive measure of sex differences in premature reporting of upright in the RFT.

Selected Perceptual and Personality Variables Related to Orientation to Clothing

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne P. Kernaleguen
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Body Boundary ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

56 college Ss were classified into 4 groups on the basis of sex and extreme scores in field dependence. They were compared on performance and directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test; 2 measures of body boundary, namely, barrier and penetration; masculinity—feminity; psychological security and 2 orientations to clothing. Significant main effects of sex were discerned for field dependence and penetration while significance was approached for both a reward-seeking orientation to clothing and barrier. There was a significant effect of field dependence on directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test. A reward-seeking orientation did not correlate with field dependence; however, seeking rewards covaried with barrier for both men and women. There was an association between a reward-seeking and dressing-to-be-different-from-others orientation to clothing.

Effect of Stress on Field Dependence

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-122
Author(s):  
Viktor Sarris ◽  
Edgar Heineken ◽  
Hildegard Peters
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Control Situation ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

60 subjects were tested in the rod-and-frame test under flicker conditions (stress). As compared to scores in a control situation (no flicker), the rod-and-frame scores were large under stress and increased monotonically during the session. Furthermore, both intra- and interindividual variability of rod-and-frame performance changed under stress conditions in a consistent manner. The general results, which clearly point to a reliable influence of stress on field dependency, are discussed within the methodological framework of Witkin's theory of perception and personality.

Field-Independent Architecture Students

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Peterson ◽  
Glenn Sweitzer
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

From current knowledge of what an architect “is” and the concepts of “psychological differentiation” several predictions were made about field independency of architecture students compared with other university students. The Rod-and-frame Test used to test field dependency-independency was given to a group of 20 university students and to three groups of 20 each of architectural students. As hypothesized, the latter were more field-independent and varied less than college Ss. Contrary to prediction field-independency does not decrease over the years in architecture. Some theoretical and experimental limitations of the RFT and knowledge about architects are pointed out.

Comparison of Selected Measures of Field Dependence

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 861-862
Author(s):  
Karen L. Fry ◽  
David S. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

An examination was made to determine the extent to which the Flexibility of Closure subtest from Hakstian and Cattell's Comprehensive Ability Battery could be substituted for Witkin's Rod-and-frame Test of field dependency. Although the data for 48 subjects (aged 11 to 17 yr.) yielded a significant zero-order correlation between the two tests for females, it was judged insufficient to warrant substitution of the former for the latter test.

Field Dependence-Independence and Self-Esteem in Pre-Adolescent Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. Pawelkiewicz ◽  
Walter G. Mc Intire
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The field independence-dependence and self-esteem of 200 preadolescent boys and girls were studied using the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Analysis of variance indicated that field-independent children had significantly higher self-esteem than middle-range and field-dependent individuals. A small significant correlation between field independence and high self-esteem obtained (–.24) but only for boys.

Individual Differences in Responses to Induced Perceptual Conflict

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Cegalis ◽  
David Leen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Visual Condition ◽  
Tolerance Of Ambiguity ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Examining reactions to experimentally induced perceptual conflict may be a useful method of studying perceptual/cognitive disorganization and adaptive features of personality. Changes in field-dependence (rod-and-frame test) were assessed in introverted and extraverted subjects (17–19 yr.) who were exposed to inversion of the visual field. Tolerance of ambiguity was also assessed. There were no significant differences between introverts ( n = 20) and extraverts ( n = 16) on preinversion measures of field-dependence. However, extraverts became more field-dependent on first exposure to inversion and maintained a generally higher level of field-dependence. Introverts became more field-dependent only after walking in the inverted visual condition and after a major change in exposure conditions. No significant differences in post-inversion levels of field-dependence were observed.

Effects of Onset and Type of Fathers' Absence on Children's Levels of Psychological Differentiation

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (3_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 1263-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira S. Gershansky ◽  
Louise Hainline ◽  
Harris S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Perceptual Dimension ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The present study examined the relationship between onset and type of father's absence and children's levels of psychological differentiation defined along the perceptual dimension of field-dependence/independence. The portable Rod-and-frame Test was used to measure the level of psychological differentiation for 100 children between the ages of 8 and 16 yr. In agreement with previous findings, boys were significantly more field-independent than girls. A significant interaction was noted between the reason for the father's absence and the age of the child when the father left the home.

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