A Preliminary Comparison of Stimulus Presentation Methods with the Bassin Anticipation Timing Task

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie A. Hart ◽  
T. Gilmour Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Timing Errors ◽  
Preliminary Comparison ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Response Performance ◽  
Presentation Methods

The Bassin Anticipation Timing Task was used to compare response performance when the stimulus terminated at the target location to when the stimulus continued past the target location. Two conditions (terminating and continuing) were tested by measuring timing errors on the task. Analyses indicated no significant differences in absolute error and variable error between the conditions. However, analysis of constant error showed a significant effect, with the timing errors being fewer on the terminating condition. These results suggest that the two stimulus presentation methods with the Bassin Anticipation Task differentially influence timing performance.

Reconsideration of Measurement of Error in Human Motor Learning

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 568-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl A. Crabtree ◽  
Laura R. Antrim
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Error Measurement ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Parsimonious Model

Human motor learning is often measured by error scores. The convention of using mean absolute error, mean constant error, and variable error shows lack of desirable parsimony and interpretability. This paper provides the background of error measurement and states criticisms of conventional methodology. A parsimonious model of error analysis is provided, along with operationalized interpretations and implications for motor learning. Teaching, interpreting, and using error scores in research may be simplified and facilitated with the model.

Anticipation of Coincidence, Gender, and Sports Classification

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Brady
Keyword(s):  
Constant Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Error Constant ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Gender And Sports ◽  
And Gender

This study investigated the effects of sport classification and gender on anticipation of coincidence. 102 undergraduate male and female students from open skills, closed skills, and nonathletic groups were tested on the Bassin Anticipation Timer. The dependent measures of absolute error, constant error, and variable error were analyzed in a 2 (gender) × 3 (sport classification) × 4 (speeds) design. Men had lower absolute and constant error scores than women. Open skills athletes were less variable in their responses while male open skills athletes were more accurate and less variable at the faster speeds. Performance on the Bassin Anticipation Timer may not be representative of athletic skills.

Effects of Verbal and Visual Feedback on Anticipation Timing

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1133-1140
Author(s):  
Sadettin Kirazci
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
School Students ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Significant Difference

My purpose in this study was to examine the effect of verbal and visual feedback on an anticipation-timing task during a series of acquisition and retention trials. Participants were 48 high school students who were randomly assigned to visual-visual, visual-verbal, verbal-visual, and verbal-verbal conditions. I used a Bassin Anticipation Timer to measure coincidence-anticipation timing. Absolute error and variable error were calculated for 4 blocks of 10 trials in the acquisition phases, and 2 blocks of 10 trials in the retention phase to analyze the students' performances by repeated measures using ANOVA. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference among the groups in their performance of the task. Thus, it appears that, for facilitating anticipation timing, whether the feedback is visual or verbal may make no difference to learning or acquiring this skill.

scholarly journals Noise-Enhanced Eversion Force Sense in Ankles With or Without Functional Instability

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Ross ◽  
Shelley W. Linens ◽  
Cynthia J. Wright ◽  
Brent L. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Constant Error ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Error Measures ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Force Sense

Context  Force sense impairments are associated with functional ankle instability. Stochastic resonance stimulation (SRS) may have implications for correcting these force sense deficits. Objective  To determine if SRS improved force sense. Design  Case-control study. Setting  Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants  Twelve people with functional ankle instability (age = 23 ± 3 years, height = 174 ± 8 cm, mass = 69 ± 10 kg) and 12 people with stable ankles (age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 170 ± 7 cm, mass = 64 ± 10 kg). Intervention(s)  The eversion force sense protocol required participants to reproduce a targeted muscle tension (10% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction). This protocol was assessed under SRSon and SRSoff (control) conditions. During SRSon, random subsensory mechanical noise was applied to the lower leg at a customized optimal intensity for each participant. Main Outcome Measure(s)  Constant error, absolute error, and variable error measures quantified accuracy, overall performance, and consistency of force reproduction, respectively. Results  With SRS, we observed main effects for force sense absolute error (SRSoff = 1.01 ± 0.67 N, SRSon = 0.69 ± 0.42 N) and variable error (SRSoff = 1.11 ± 0.64 N, SRSon = 0.78 ± 0.56 N) (P < .05). No other main effects or treatment-by-group interactions were found (P > .05). Conclusions  Although SRS reduced the overall magnitude (absolute error) and variability (variable error) of force sense errors, it had no effect on the directionality (constant error). Clinically, SRS may enhance muscle tension ability, which could have treatment implications for ankle stability.

scholarly journals Temporal Interactions of Air-Puff–Evoked Blinks and Saccadic Eye Movements: Insights Into Motor Preparation

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 1718-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj J. Gandhi ◽  
Desiree K. Bonadonna
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Temporal Interactions

Following the initial, sensory response to stimulus presentation, activity in many saccade-related burst neurons along the oculomotor neuraxis is observed as a gradually increasing low-frequency discharge hypothesized to encode both timing and metrics of the impending eye movement. When the activity reaches an activation threshold level, these cells discharge a high-frequency burst, inhibit the pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) and trigger a high-velocity eye movement known as saccade. We tested whether early cessation of OPN activity, prior to when it ordinarily pauses, acts to effectively lower the threshold and prematurely trigger a movement of modified metrics and/or dynamics. Relying on the observation that OPN discharge ceases during not only saccades but also blinks, air-puffs were delivered to one eye to evoke blinks as monkeys performed standard oculomotor tasks. We observed a linear relationship between blink and saccade onsets when the blink occurred shortly after the cue to initiate the movement but before the average reaction time. Blinks that preceded and overlapped with the cue increased saccade latency. Blinks evoked during the overlap period of the delayed saccade task, when target location is known but a saccade cannot be initiated for correct performance, failed to trigger saccades prematurely. Furthermore, when saccade and blink execution coincided temporally, the peak velocity of the eye movement was attenuated, and its initial velocity was correlated with its latency. Despite the perturbations, saccade accuracy was maintained across all blink times and task types. Collectively, these results support the notion that temporal features of the low-frequency activity encode aspects of a premotor command and imply that inhibition of OPNs alone is not sufficient to trigger saccades.

Effects of a Combination of Stances and Points of Aim on Putting Accuracy

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Gott ◽  
Carl Mc Gown
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Popular Opinion ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two putting stances (conventional versus side-saddle) and two points of aim (ball versus hole) on putting accuracy. Subjects (12 men, 4 women) were taught to putt using four methods: (a) conventional stance, eyes on the ball; (b) conventional stance, eyes on the hole; (c) side-saddle stance, eyes on the ball; and (d) side-saddle stance, eyes on the hole. Each subject practiced each method for 2 wk., after which they were tested for purring accuracy by counting putts made, determining constant error, and by calculating variable error. Accuracy was assessed at 5 and 15 ft. A 2 by 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that there was no single combination of stance and point of aim that was significantly better than another at either distance. This suggests that, contrary to popular opinion, the traditional method of putting is not the best method for putting; other methods are equally as good and could be used if individually desired.

scholarly journals A comparison of stimulus presentation methods in temporal discrimination testing

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. N57-N64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eavan M Mc Govern ◽  
John S Butler ◽  
Ines Beiser ◽  
Laura Williams ◽  
Brendan Quinlivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Discrimination Testing ◽  
Presentation Methods

Stimulus-Presentation Methods and Ability to Shift Dimensions in Color-Form Preference of Retardates

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell J. Goesling
Keyword(s):  
Preference Test ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Successive Presentation ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Color Form ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Form Preference

A color-form sorting task was given to 40 institutionalized male retardates divided into two groups equated in mental age. Part I, a preference test, required that 8 stimulus figures, varying in color (red or green) and form (triangle or square), be sorted into 2 bins each marked by a comparison stimulus-figure resembling test stimuli on only one dimension. In Part II, stimuli were again presented but with the instructions to shift the basis of categorization. The procedure with both groups differed only in the method of stimulus presentation; one group received 8 figures simultaneously, the other successively. Retardates in general preferred color to form in categorization and ability to shift dimensions is facilitated by successive presentation.

Baseball Players’ Eye Movements and Higher Coincident-Timing Task Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-586
Author(s):  
Ikumi Tochikura ◽  
Daisuke Sato ◽  
Daiki Imoto ◽  
Atsuo Nuruki ◽  
Koya Yamashiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Mobile Targets ◽  
Timing Task

Previous studies have reported that baseball players have higher than average visual information processing abilities and outstanding motor control. The speed and position of the baseball and the batter are constantly changing, leading skilled players to acquire highly accurate visual information processing and decision-making. This study sought to clarify how movement of the eyes is associated with baseball players’ higher coincident-timing task performance. We recruited 15 right-handed baseball players and 15 age-matched track and field athletes. On a computer-based coincident-timing task, we instructed participants to stop a computer image of a moving target by pressing a button at a designated point. We presented bidirectional moving targets with various velocities, presented in a random order. The targets’ moving angular velocity varied between 100, 83, 71, 63, 56, 50, and 46 deg/s. We conducted 168 repetitions (42 reps × 4 sets) of this coincident-timing task and measured participants’ eye movements during the task using Pupil Centre Corneal Reflection. Mixed-design analysis of variance results revealed participant group effects in favor of baseball players for timing absolute error and low absolute error, as predicted from prior visual processing and decision-making research with baseball players. However, in contrast to prior research, we found significantly shorter smooth-pursuit onset latency in elite baseball players, and there were no significant group differences for saccade onset and offset latencies. This may be explained by the difference in our research paradigm with mobile targets randomly presented at various velocities from the left and right. Our data showed baseball players’ higher than normal simultaneous timing execution for making decisions and movements based on visual information, even under laboratory conditions with randomly moving mobile targets.

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