Contracting and Chaining to Improve the Performance of a College Golf Team: Improvement and Deterioration

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1099-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Simek ◽  
Richard M. O'Brien ◽  
Lesli B. Figlerski
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tangible Rewards ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Measurement Period

Recent work with operant procedures in sports has shown that feedback, reinforcement, and chaining can be effective techniques in improving performance. In many cases, however, a problem remains in getting the participants to practice the appropriate responses. In the present study, 14 college golfers were put on successive contingency contracts over three weeks to go through the Total Golf chaining-mastery program of Simek and O'Brien. Rewards consisted of activities such as spots on the starting team and the opportunity to play better courses as well as tangible rewards such as new golf balls. After the first two weeks of training, through 19 steps backward from the green, the mean of three posttraining rounds for these 14 golfers was 3.4 strokes lower than the mean of their three rounds at baseline. At this point, the coach did not follow through with the rewards promised in the second contract. Having been placed on extinction, only three of the 14 players followed through on the third contract. In this return to baseline-like condition an average increase of over two strokes for the team as a whole was noted. The number of steps of the chain mastered in practice and the difference between mean scores at baseline and the last measurement period correlated 86, indicating that 74% of the improvement in golf scores was accounted for by performance on the mastery chain.

On an inequality of long period in the motions of the Earth and Venus

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 77-78
Keyword(s):  
Principal Term ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Mean Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The author had pointed out, in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1828, on the corrections of the elements of Delambre’s Solar Tables, that the comparison of the corrections of the epochs of the sun and the sun’s perigee, given by the late observations, with the corrections given by the observations of the last century, appears to indicate the existence of some inequality not included in the arguments of those tables. As it was necessary, therefore, to seek for some inequality of long period, he commenced an examination of the mean motions of the planets, with the view of discovering one whose ratio to the mean motion of the earth could be expressed very nearly by a proportion of which the terms are small. The appearances of Venus are found to recur in very nearly the same order every eight years; some multiple, therefore, of the periodic time of Venus is nearly equal to eight years. It is easily seen that this multiple must be thirteen; and consequently eight times the mean motion of Venus is nearly equal to thirteen times the mean motion of the earth. The difference is about one 240th of the mean annual motion of the earth; and it implies the existence of an inequality of which the period is about 240 years. No term has yet been calculated whose period is so long with respect to the periodic time of the planets disturbed. The value of the principal term, calculated from the theory, was given by the author in a postscript to the paper above referred to. In the present memoir he gives an account of the method of calculation, and includes also other terms which are necessarily connected with the principal inequality. The first part treats of the perturbation of the earth’s longitude and radius victor; the second of the perturbation of the earth in latitude; and the third of the perturbations of Venus depending upon the same arguments.

Elongation Behavior of Calcaneofibular and Cervical Ligaments during Inversion Loads Applied in an Open Kinetic Chain

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis P. Martin ◽  
Jennifer S. Wayne ◽  
Timothy J. Monahan ◽  
Robert S. Adelaar
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Calcaneofibular Ligament ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Open Kinetic Chain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The cervical ligament plays a significant role in lateral stability of the subtalar joint but has received little attention compared with other ankle and subtalar joint ligaments. The purpose of this research was twofold. First, the elongation behavior of the cervical ligament was assessed with the calcaneofibular ligament intact and cut during two different types of inversion loads (manual and mechanical). Second, inversion range of motion was determined concomitantly with inversion loading and the difference in inversion range of motion between the calcaneofibular ligament intact to cut state was compared. The mean elongation of the cervical ligament with the calcaneofibular intact was 0.58 mm (± 0.33 mm) and 0.46 mm (± 0.23 mm) for manual and mechanical methods, respectively, and 0.88 mm (± 0.37 mm) and 0.78 mm (± 0.37 mm), respectively, for the same methods in the absence of the calcaneofibular ligament. This difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 manually and P < 0.02 mechanically). An average increase in the inversion range of motion was noted with both methods [7.5° manually (± 2.75°) and 7.7° mechanically (± 2.95°)] after lesioning of the calcaneofibular ligament. This difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001) for both manual and mechanical range of motion testing. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant increase in elongation of the cervical ligament in the absence of the calcaneofibular ligament during manual and mechanically applied inversion loads in a open kinetic chain. Clinical and theoretical implications of this data are discussed.

scholarly journals Reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns derived from an FFQ in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golaleh Asghari ◽  
Arezoo Rezazadeh ◽  
Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Traditional Pattern

The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns defined by factor analysis for participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. A total of 132 subjects, aged ≥ 20 years, completed a 168-item FFQ (FFQ1, FFQ2) twice, with a 14-month interval. Over this duration, twelve dietary recalls (DR) were collected each month. To assess the stability of the FFQ, participants completed the third FFQ (FFQ3) after 8 years. Following these, two dietary patterns – the ‘Iranian Traditional’ and the ‘Western’ – were derived from FFQ1 and FFQ2 and the mean of DR (mDR); and three dietary patterns were identified from FFQ3: the ‘Iranian Traditional’, the ‘Western’ and the ‘Combined’. The reliability correlations between factor scores of the two FFQ were 0·72 for the Iranian Traditional and 0·80 for the Western pattern; corrected month-to-month variations of DR correlations between the FFQ2 and mDR were 0·48 for the first and 0·75 for the second pattern. The 95 % limits of agreement for the difference between factor scores obtained from FFQ2 and mDR lay between − 1·58 and +1·58 for the Iranian Traditional and between − 1·33 and +1·33 for the Western pattern. The intra-class correlations between FFQ2 and FFQ3 were − 0·09 (P = 0·653) and 0·49 (P <0·001) for the ‘Iranian Traditional’ and the ‘Western’, respectively. These data indicate reasonable reliability and validity of the dietary patterns defined by factor analysis. Although the Western pattern was found to be fairly stable, the Iranian Traditional pattern was mostly unstable over the 8 years of the study period.

INFLUENCE OF METHOD UPON THE DETERMINATION OF APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY IN THE PIG

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. McCARTHY ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND ◽  
F. X. AHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
Fecal Collection

Three experiments were conducted, the first to determine the effects of adding celite to the diets to increase the HCl insoluble ash level, the second to compare a "grab" method of collecting samples with that of total collection, and the third to study the effects that time of sample collection would have on the mean digestible energy (DE) and digestible nitrogen (DN) coefficients. It was found that the addition of celite to the diets of pigs weighing either 5.6 or 22.4 kg did not alter the DE or DN coefficients as compared with coefficients obtained by the total fecal collection method. Both with and without the addition of celite, total fecal collection gave DE and DN coefficients which were higher than those obtained by the HCl insoluble ash method, but the difference was significant only in one of the three experiments. There was no significant difference between "grab" samples and total collection methods, indicating that the former could be used in place of total collection. Over a 72-h period, no differences associated with diurnal variation were noted in DE and DN coefficients as determined by the HCl insoluble ash method. This indicates that the time of collecting samples should not influence DE and DN values.

SULFOBROMOPHTHALEIN SODIUM METABOLISM IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-906
Author(s):  
Sidney Sussman ◽  
J. V. Carbone ◽  
G. Grodsky ◽  
V. Hjelte ◽  
Phebe Miller
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Hemolytic Disease ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium Metabolism

With the use of a standard dose of sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP), the metabolism of this substance was studied in a group of full-term and premature infants (normal, hypoxic, and hyperbilirubinemic). Elevated total BSP and BSP conjugate at birth in normal full-term and premature infants approached normal adult levels toward the end of the third week of life. There was no significant difference between the rate of decrease of total or conjugated BSP in the full-term and premature infant. During the first 20 days of life the decrease in total BSP levels proceeded at a faster rate than the decline in BSP conjugate in both normal groups. The mean concentrations of total BSP and BSP conjugate were higher in infants with hypoxia, hyperbilirubinemia, and hemolytic disease of the newborn than in normal infants, but the difference was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals The Difference Between Gargling Using Betel Nut Seed (Areca Catechu) Extract and Chlorhexidine 0.2% Solution in Chronic Gingivitis Healing

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 723-727
Author(s):  
I. Gusti Agung Ayu Putu Swastini ◽  
I. Gusti Agung Ayu Dharmawati ◽  
Ni Nengah Sumerti ◽  
Tjokorda Gde Bagus Mahadewa ◽  
I. Putu Eka Widyadharma
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Areca Nut ◽  
Gingival Index ◽  
Betel Nut ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The use of mouthwash is an effective way to help cure gingivitis. Mouthwash that is often used is mouthwash containing antiseptic. Recently, there has been increasing use of traditional medicines that are considered safer such as areca nuts compared to chemically synthesized agents. The aim of this study was to calculate the difference in the healing of chronic gingivitis due to calculus between gargling using areca nut (Areca catechu) extract and using Chlorhexidine 0.2% solution. This was an experimental test with pre and post-test control group design and involved two treatment groups. A total of 30 subjects with grade 2 gingivitis were being admitted. The first group was given mouthwash with areca nut (Areca catechu) extract and another group with Chlorhexidine 0.2% twice daily for three days. The mean gingival index in the group which gargled using betel nut seed (Areca catechu) extract on the first day was 1,93±0,704 followed by 0,40±0,507 on the second day, and 0,00±0,00 on the third day, on the other hand the mean gingival index in the group which gargled using Chlorhexidine 0.2% solution was 1,93±0,704 on the first day, 0,40±0,507 on the second day, and 0,00±0,00 on the third day. The mean gingival index decreased significantly during observation period in both treatment groups but when being compared to each other there was no significant difference in the healing time of chronic gingivitis in group which gargled using betel nut seed extract (Areca catechu) and Chlorhexidine 0.2% solution.

scholarly journals Multi-Factor Analysis of the Influence of Orthokeratology on Controlling Myopia in Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijin Wen ◽  
Siqi Ma ◽  
Chuchu Xiao ◽  
Shengfa Hu ◽  
Xufang Ran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Corneal Curvature ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clinical Records

Abstract Background To investigate which baseline factors are predictive for axial length growth over an average period of 1 years in a group of adolescents wearing orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses.Methods In this retrospective study, the clinical records of 189 new OK wearers (378 eyes) between 2014 and 2018 at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was axial length change from baseline to the time of 1 year. Independent variables included baseline measures of age at initiation of OK wear, refractive error (spherical equivalent), corneal thickness, corneal curvature. (1) Age group, 8 ~ 10 years old is the first group, 10 ~ 13 years old is the second group, ≥13 years old is the third group; (2) Myopia degree group, ≥-3.00D is the first group, -3.00 ~ -6.00D is the second group, <-6.00D is the third group; (3) corneal thickness group, ≤550μm is the first group,> 550μm is the second group; (4) corneal curvature group, ≤42.0D is The first group, 42.0 ~ 44.0D is the second group,> 44.0D is the third group.Results ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between the baseline axial length of each group and the axial length for 1 year after continuous wearing of orthokeratology: (1)The mean axial difference between different age groups are 0.251mm, 0.033mm,and 0.112mm, and the difference of the three groups is not statistically significant (F=2.279，P=0.104). By pairwise comparison, only the difference between the first group and the third group is statistically significant (P=0.041); (2) The mean axial difference between different myopia degree groups are 0.173mm, 0.109mm and -0.008mm, and the difference of the three groups is statistically significant (F=8.340，P=0.000 ). By pairwise comparison, the difference between the first group and the second group is statistically significant (P=0.000) and the difference between the first group and the third group is statistically significant(P=0.016); (3) The mean axial difference between different corneal thickness groups and corneal curvature groups is not statistically significant.Conclusions OKs are effective in controlling axial length elongation and myopic progression in adolescents, particularly in younger children with higher myopia.

scholarly journals The difference-periodogram—a method for the rapid determination of short periodicities

1924 ◽  
Vol 105 (731) ◽  
pp. 346-359 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Periodic Components ◽  
Similar Phase

The examination of a long series of observations in the search for periodicities by harmonic analysis is a tedious process. The method outlined below, although rough, has the merit of being much more rapid in its application, and has been found useful in the preliminary exploration of long meteorological records of periodic or quasi-periodic components. It is also useful in the study of periodicities of intermittent recurrence or variable length. The basis of the method is the division of a series of observations into series which are nearly, but not quite, equal, to half the length of the suspected periodicity. If each section were exactly half the periodicity the first, third, fifth, etc., sections would all occur in the same position relatively to the periodic curve, while the second, fourth, sixth, etc., would occur a half-cycle away. If each section is slightly less than half the length of the periodicity, then the third and so on, until after a certain interval the n th section occurs at a similar phase to the first. The number of sections required to bring this about depends on the relation between their length and the length of the periodicity. If the sections selected had been slightly longer than half the periodicity, the phase would advance somewhat between the first and third sections, and so on until the cycle was repeated. Thus by plotting the mean values of all the odd sections and drawing a curve through them we could obtain an idea of the length of the underlying periodicity. The even sections could be plotted in the same way, and if the series of observations were completely be the reverse of each other. Thus by substituting for the mean value of each section its difference from the mean of the whole series, and reversing the sign of all the even sections, we can bring the latter into line with the odd sections and draw a single curve representing all the observations.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of a Triple Layer Electric Sieving Machine (TLESM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
Adedipe J.O ◽  
Aderemi A.M ◽  
Oyewole O.O ◽  
Abegunrin, O.O ◽  
Olatunji B.T ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Triple Layer ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Efficiency

A multi-layer sieving machine is of multiplayer and highly efficient sieving machine that retains particles based on the difference in size. This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a multi-layer electric sieving machine. The performance test of the machine was carried out in the Agricultural department farm of the Federal College of Forestry, Jericho Ibadan. The electrical sieving machine was used to carry out separation operations on a mixture of food crop materials at varying speeds. The machine passed the test of workability; it was able to perform the specific function of sieving and separating food materials of varying sizes. Mixed food materials were poured in the first layer of the mesh assembly and sieved. The time to completely separate the mixture into the three different layers was recorded and the respective weight of each layer was finally measured. Layer 1 had a mean weight gain of 0.42kg; layer 2 had a mean weight gain of 0.14 while layer 3 had a mean weight loss of 0.56kg when sieving was done for 5 minutes; at 7 minutes, Layer 1 had a mean weight gain of 0.1kg; layer 2 had a mean weight gain of 0.18 while layer 3 had a mean weight loss of 0.28kg, while at 10 minutes, the first layer had a mean weight gain of 0.06 kg, second layer also had mean weight gain of 0.02 while the third layer had a mean weight loss 0.08. The mean efficiency was highest at 99% in all the layers when sieving operation was carried out for 10 minutes and lowest at 96% for layer 3 when the machine ran for five (5) minutes. The effect of change in speed suggests that increment in sieving speed above 750rpm or below 300rpm gives a low efficiency.

scholarly journals Fenbendazole efficacy in lambs: a comparison of oral dosing and feed block additive modes of administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258
Author(s):  
E. A. Okewole ◽  
S. S. Abiola ◽  
A. A. Aderinto ◽  
A. O. Oladele
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
West African ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Old West ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equal Efficacy

Twenty-four, 3-month old West African Dwarf (WAD) Lambs were divided into 3 groups of 8 each. Each group was given free access to a common pasture by day, but housed separately in concrete floored and netted pens provided with varied but equal supplements by night. Two of the groups were treated with 2.5% Fenbendazole suspension at a dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight administered orally once a month for 3 consecutive months for one group, dissolved in molasses mixed with Brewer's grains in 5 divided daily doses per month for 3 consecutive months for the second group, while the third 3 group was left us untreated control. The mean haematocrit values, mean percentage egg reduction and mean liveweight gains were higher at the end of the trial for the single monthly dosed group than for the untreated control group, while the same measurements were insignificantly different (P>0.05) for the two treated groups. Significant appreciation in the mean hematocrit values, mean percentage egg reduction and mean liveweight gains were proofs of the effectiveness of treatment and molasses supplementation, while the insignificance of the difference of the same measurements in the two treated groups implied equal efficacy of the two different schedules of administration. The in-feed scheme was easier and convenient for use on weak and pregnant eves that could abort on rough handling

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