Simple Reaction Times and Timing of Serial Reactions of Adolescents with Mental Retardation, Autism, and down Syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Inui ◽  
Masah Yamanishi ◽  
Shinji Tada
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Adolescents With Autism

The purpose of this study was to examine the serial information processing in adolescents with mental retardation, autism, and Down syndrome by using a serially patterned tracking task. Analyses indicated that 7 adolescents with mental retardation, 8 with autism, and 3 with Down syndrome had significantly slower and more variable simple reaction times than did 10 college students. Also, the autistic adolescents had significantly faster mean simple reaction time than those with Down syndrome. On a task of tracking serial light stimulation, mentally retarded adolescents had significantly faster reaction time than college students. The autistic subjects excessively had faster anticipatory reaction times than did the subjects in the other three groups. On the other hand, adolescents with Down syndrome had markedly slower and more variable reaction times than did adolescents with non-Down-syndrome mental retardation. As for motor organization of keystrokes on the tracking task, mentally retarded adolescents responded with six movements, in which these individuals pressed a series of keys 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, as a chunk, as exhibited by college students. Adolescents with autism and Down syndrome, however, did not produce this movement-output chunking.

Fractionated Reaction Times and Movement Times of Down Syndrome and Other Adults with Mental Retardation

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter E. Davis ◽  
William A. Sparrow ◽  
Terry Ward
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Total Reaction ◽  
Time Motor ◽  
Total Reaction Time

A fractionation technique was employed to determine the locus of reaction time delay in Down syndrome (DS) and other adult subjects with mental retardation (MH). Twenty-three subjects (8 nondisabled, 8 MH, and 7 DS) responded to a light, sound, and combination light/sound signal. Dependent measures of premotor time, motor time, total reaction time, and movement time were obtained during a 20° elbow extension movement and were analyzed separately. As expected, both MH and DS subjects were slower and more variable in their responses than the subjects without disabilities. In turn, DS subjects were significantly slower but not more variable than the MH subjects. There were no significant differences between the DS and MH subjects on movement times. Evidence for both a specific (premotor) and a generalized (both premotor and motor) locus of delay was found. Some difference in signal effect was also found for the DS subjects.

Practice and Serial Reaction Time of Adolescents with Autism

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Inui ◽  
Kan-Ichiro Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Practice Analysis ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Adolescents With Autism ◽  
Serial Reaction

This study examined effects of practice on timing of serial reactions by 7 adolescents diagnosed with autism by using a task requiring they track a series of timed lights. The adolescents showed significantly slower and more variable mean simple reaction time than 10 normal control subjects of the same age. On a task of tracking a serial light stimulation for 4 days, on the other hand, significant effects of practice on timing of serial reactions were observed for mean serial reaction times of them. In addition, from individual variations in reaction times and anticipatory reaction times, four of seven subjects with autism showed significant effects of practice. Analysis suggested that these autistic adolescents may be chunlung together the whole series of responses and are unable to coordinate the timing of individual responses with individual sumuli. Our data indicate that at least some adolescents with autism are able to form and utilise a motor program with practice.

Prolongation of Simple Manual and Vocal Reaction Times in Down Syndrome

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila E. Henderson ◽  
Sheelagh M. Illingworth ◽  
John Allen
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Mental Age

This study addressed the question of whether there is a specific reaction time deficit in individuals with Down syndrome. To investigate this question, the manual and vocal reaction times of 18 Down syndrome and 2 control groups were compared. One control group consisted of intellectually handicapped children matched on intellectual ability, the other consisted of younger nonhandicapped children also of similar mental age. The results confirmed that a specific RT deficit does indeed exist and is present for both manual and vocal responses.

Simple Reaction Times for Mentally Retarded and Epileptic Individuals

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine F. Summerford
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Testing Apparatus ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Response Stimulus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aged Subjects ◽  
Educable Mentally Retarded

A comparison was made to determine the effect of epilepsy on simple reaction time among 57 school-aged subjects. The subjects were classified intellectually as average, educable mentally retarded, or trainable mentally retarded, and neurologically as epileptic or nonepileptic. Following an explanation of the testing apparatus, 24 trials per day for five consecutive afternoons were given. The microswitch was depressed after a warning light and a foreperiod activated an audio response stimulus. A significant difference in RT was not found between subjects with epilepsy and those without epilepsy within each intellectual classification.

scholarly journals Manipulations of the Response-Stimulus Intervals as a Factor Inducing Controlled Amount of Reaction Time Intra-Individual Variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Paweł Krukow ◽  
Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik ◽  
Arkadiusz Podkowiński
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Response Stimulus

Aggrandized fluctuations in the series of reaction times (RTs) are a very sensitive marker of neurocognitive disorders present in neuropsychiatric populations, pathological ageing and in patients with acquired brain injury. Even though it was documented that processing inconsistency founds a background of higher-order cognitive functions disturbances, there is a vast heterogeneity regarding types of task used to compute RT-related variability, which impedes determining the relationship between elementary and more complex cognitive processes. Considering the above, our goal was to develop a relatively new assessment method based on a simple reaction time paradigm, conducive to eliciting a controlled range of intra-individual variability. It was hypothesized that performance variability might be induced by manipulation of response-stimulus interval’s length and regularity. In order to verify this hypothesis, a group of 107 healthy students was tested using a series of digitalized tasks and their results were analyzed using parametric and ex-Gaussian statistics of RTs distributional markers. In general, these analyses proved that intra-individual variability might be evoked by a given type of response-stimulus interval manipulation even when it is applied to the simple reaction time task. Collected outcomes were discussed with reference to neuroscientific concepts of attentional resources and functional neural networks.

scholarly journals Indicators of Targeted Physical Fitness in Judo and Jujutsu—Preliminary Results of Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4347
Author(s):  
Wojciech J. Cynarski ◽  
Jan Słopecki ◽  
Bartosz Dziadek ◽  
Peter Böschen ◽  
Paweł Piepiora
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Martial Art ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Student’S T Test

(1) Study aim: This is a comparative study for judo and jujutsu practitioners. It has an intrinsic value. The aim of this study was to showcase a comparison of practitioners of judo and a similar martial art jujutsu with regard to manual abilities. The study applied the measurement of simple reaction time in response to a visual stimulus and handgrip measurement. (2) Materials and Methods: The group comprising N = 69 black belts from Poland and Germany (including 30 from judo and 39 from jujutsu) applied two trials: “grasping of Ditrich rod” and dynamometric handgrip measurement. The analysis of the results involved the calculations of arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson correlations. Analysis of the differences (Mann–Whitney U test) and Student’s t-test were also applied to establish statistical differences. (3) Results: In the test involving handgrip measurement, the subjects from Poland (both those practicing judo and jujutsu) gained better results compared to their German counterparts. In the test involving grasping of Ditrich rod, a positive correlation was demonstrated in the group of German judokas between the age and reaction time of the subjects (rxy = 0.66, p < 0.05), as well as in the group of jujutsu subjects between body weight and the reaction time (rxy = 0.49, p < 0.05). A significant and strong correlation between handgrip and weight was also established for the group of German judokas (rxy = 0.75, p < 0.05). In Polish competitors, the correlations were only established between the age and handgrip measurements (rxy = 0.49, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Simple reaction times in response to visual stimulation were shorter in the subjects practicing the martial art jujutsu. However, the statement regarding the advantage of the judokas in terms of handgrip force was not confirmed by the results.

PREVALENCE OF HOMOCYSTINURIA AMONG THE MENTALLY RETARDED: EVALUATION OF A SPECIFIC SCREENING TEST

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-589
Author(s):  
George Link Spaeth ◽  
G. Winston Barber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

The prevalence of homocystinuria in patients with mental retardation institutionalized in the United States is about 0.02%; this is lower than a previous estimation from Northern Ireland (0.3%). On the other hand, about 5% of patients with dislocated lenses may be expected to have the disease. A silver-nitroprusside test which is almost completely specific for homocystine has been evaluated. It should be useful for screening.

Influences of Respiratory Cycle on Simple Reaction Time

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte Buchsbaum ◽  
Enoch Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Warning Light ◽  
Respiratory Phase ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Phase Data

The effect of respiration on simple auditory reaction time was studied. In the first study, reaction times and respiratory phase data were collected during spontaneous breathing; in Study 2, a warning light signaled S to hold his breath in either inspiration or expiration. Both experiments showed faster reaction times with expiration. This is contradictory to reaction time findings reported by other investigators who have studied effects of respiration.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Recovery Curve for Clinically Assessed Reaction Time After Concussion

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 766-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Del Rossi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Clinical Measures

Context:  A change in reaction time is one of various clinical measures of neurocognitive function that can be monitored after concussion and has been reported to be among the most sensitive indicators of cognitive impairment. Objective:  To determine the timeline for clinically assessed simple reaction time to return to baseline after a concussion in high school athletes. Design:  Observational study. Setting:  Athletic training room. Patients or Other Participants:  Twenty-one high school-aged volunteers. Intervention(s):  Participants completed 8 trials of the ruler-drop test during each session. Along with baseline measures, a total of 6 additional test sessions were completed over the course of 4 weeks after a concussion (days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28). Main Outcome Measure(s):  The mean reaction times calculated for all participants from each of the 7 test sessions were analyzed to assess the change in reaction time over the 7 time intervals. Results:  After a concussion and compared with baseline, simple reaction time was, on average, 26 milliseconds slower at 48 to 72 hours postinjury (P &lt; .001), almost 18 milliseconds slower on day 7 (P &lt; .001), and about 9 milliseconds slower on day 10 (P &lt; .001). Simple reaction time did not return to baseline levels until day 14 postinjury. Conclusions:  Clinically assessed simple reaction time appeared to return to baseline levels within a timeframe that mirrors other measures of cognitive performance (approximately 14 days).

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