Effect of Rearing Conditions on Exploratory Behavior

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Neiberg
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Start Compartment ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Goal Compartment ◽  
Rearing Condition

To determine whether adult exploratory behavior is altered by rearing conditions, male rats were reared in white or black painted cages. Upon reaching adulthood, they were placed in a black start compartment and permitted to run to a white goal compartment with measures of starting and running speed recorded. The data suggest influence from rearing condition and secondary reinforcement.

scholarly journals SURVIVAL RATE AND GROWTH OF JUVENILE SANDFISH (Holothuria scabra) IN VARIOUS REARING CONDITIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Lisa Fajar Indriana ◽  
Muhammad Firdaus ◽  
. Supono ◽  
Hendra Munandar
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Rearing Condition ◽  
Concrete Tank ◽  
Juvenile Density ◽  
Effect Of Light

Techniques for producing Holothuria scabra or sandfish sea cucumbers from aquaculture have been developed rapidly in the recent years to address the issues of decreasing sandfish population and increasing market demand. During the process of culturing H. scabra, the early stages of sandfish (i.e. larvae and juveniles) are the most critical of the development. Therefore, the Research and Development Division of the Marine Bio Industry – LIPI conducted a study to assess the growth performance of juvenile H. scabra  ultured in four different rearing conditions: (i) indoor concrete tank, (ii) indoor fiberglass tank, (iii) outdoor concrete tank with 1 mm hapa mesh, and (iv) outdoor concrete tank with 3 mm hapa mesh. Each of the rearing condition was set with an initial juvenile density of 15 juveniles per tank with a mean initial weight of 14 g, and fed ad libitum with a mixed feed consisting of Enhalus acoroides sea grass, Pennisetum purpureum napier and cow manure. The experiments were conducted for 20 weeks between April 26 - September 23, 2013. After the experimental period, juveniles reared in the outdoor concrete tank with 1 mm mesh show the best performance with respect to their survival rate (48.89 ± 3.85 %),mean final weight (22.07 ± 1.01 g), final biomass (162.05 ± 18.17 g) and specific growth rate (0.15 ± 0.03% per day). Further studies that combine rearing conditions with different bottom substrates as well as investigating the effect of light are needed to optimize the production of H. scabra from aquaculture.

Effect of multiple births on Jamunapari goat milk minerals under field and farm rearing conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitam Singh ◽  
R. B. Sharma ◽  
B. P. Chahal ◽  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
S. K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Rearing Condition ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Milk Minerals

The study was conducted at the Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura; under the division nutrition feed resources and products technology for the study of farm rearing condition. A total of 479 milk samples were collected from field and farm rearing condition 222 single (field 28 and farm 194), twins 230 (field 66 and farm 164) and triplets 27 (field 08 and farm 19) milk samples. The overall average calcium content of all above samples in all rearing and births was 0.1455±0.0019 per cent. Phosphorus content was significantly greater in farm samples than field rearing samples in all multiple births. Potassium percentage in the milk of Jamunapari goat breed under field and farm rearing conditions in single, twins and triplets birth was found to be 0.113±0.0008 and 0.113±0.0008, 0.111±0.0007 and 0.111±0.0008 and 0.107±0.0008 and 0.109±0.0008 respectively. The highest magnesium, chloride and selenium content were observed in single birth samples under field as well as farm rearing samples. Multiple births had conspicuous effects on milk quality of goats under study.

scholarly journals Vicarious reward unblocks associative learning about novel cues in male rats

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander van Gurp ◽  
Jochen Hoog ◽  
Tobias Kalenscher ◽  
Marijn van Wingerden
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Vicarious Reward

Many species, including rats, are sensitive to social signals and their valuation is important in social learning. Here we introduce a task that investigates if mutual reward delivery in male rats can drive associative learning. We found that when actor rats have fully learned a stimulus-self-reward association, adding a cue that predicted additional reward to a partner unblocked associative learning about this cue. By contrast, additional cues that did not predict partner reward remained blocked from acquiring positive associative value. Importantly, this social unblocking effect was still present when controlling for secondary reinforcement but absent when social information exchange was impeded, when mutual reward outcomes were disadvantageously unequal to the actor or when the added cue predicted reward delivery to an empty chamber. Taken together, these results suggest that mutual rewards can drive associative learning in rats and is dependent on vicariously experienced social and food-related cues.

Development of Attachment and Exploratory Behavior in Infant Squirrel Monkeys under Controlled Rearing Conditions

1985 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hopf ◽  
M. Herzog ◽  
D. Ploog
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Controlled Rearing ◽  
Mother Surrogate

This study contributes to the understanding of early development of communication in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri). Emission of expressive behavior as well as its perception (as concluded from the partner's responses) form the basis of social communication. We studied stimulus conditions that control attachment and exploratory behavior two interdependent fields of motivation which are especially important in the early stages of development. Newborn squirrel monkeys were isolated from their mothers and the group and were provided with a mother surrogate, manipulanda, and social surrogate stimuli: objects were so designed as to elicit behavior which would otherwise be directed at conspecifics. It was found that the animals displayed largely normal attachment and exploratory behavior. They modified their behavior depending on whether their contacts with the social surrogate were answered by aversive or non-aversive calls in the same sense as socially experienced conspecifics would do. Consequently, the conclusion may be drawn that specific genetic components are involved in comprehending emotional expressions.

Amygdala – and serum – neurotrophic factor levels depend on rearing condition in male rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-380
Author(s):  
S. Babri ◽  
G. Mohaddes ◽  
B. Mosaferi
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Rearing Condition ◽  
And Function ◽  
Serum Bdnf ◽  
Early Rearing

AbstractEarly life experiences could determine brain and behavioral development. Neurotrophic factors are likely to mediate the effects of the experience on brain structures and function. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a central role in psychiatric disorders. To investigate the effects of early rearing condition on the amygdala – and serum – BDNF levels, we reared male Wistar rats from weaning (postnatal days 21) to adulthood (postnatal days 119) in three different rearing conditions: (1) enriched, (2) standard and (3) isolated. We found that long-term post-weaning environmental enrichment leads to lower amygdala – and serum – BDNF levels as well as lower brain weights. Grouped rearing in standard laboratory cages enhanced body weight. Thus, early rearing condition might play a crucial role in adult healthiness by predetermining individual BDNF profiles.

scholarly journals Maternal stress programs a demasculinization of glutamatergic transmission in stress-related brain regions of aged rats

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remy Verhaeghe ◽  
Vance Gao ◽  
Sara Morley-Fletcher ◽  
Hammou Bouwalerh ◽  
Gilles Van Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Ventral Hippocampus ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

AbstractBrain aging may be programmed by early-life stress. Aging affects males and females differently, but how perinatal stress (PRS) affects brain aging between sexes is unknown. We showed behavioral and neurobiological sex differences in non-stressed control rats that were strongly reduced or inverted in PRS rats. In particular, PRS decreased risk-taking behavior, spatial memory, exploratory behavior, and fine motor behavior in male aged rats. In contrast, female aged PRS rats displayed only increased risk-taking behavior and reduced exploratory behavior. PRS induced large reductions in the expression of glutamate receptors in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus and prefrontal cortex only in male rats. PRS also reduced the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins, glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the ventral hippocampus of aged male rats. In contrast, in female aged rats, PRS enhanced the expression of MRs and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the ventral hippocampus and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and BDNF in the prefrontal cortex. A common PRS effect in both sexes was a reduction in exploratory behavior and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptors in the ventral hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. A multidimensional analysis revealed that PRS induced a demasculinization profile in glutamate-related proteins in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, as well as a demasculinization profile of stress markers only in the dorsal hippocampus. In contrast, defeminization was observed only in the ventral hippocampus. Measurements of testosterone and 17-β-estradiol in the plasma and aromatase in the dorsal hippocampus were consistent with a demasculinizing action of PRS. These findings confirm that the brains of males and females differentially respond to PRS and aging suggesting that females might be more protected against early stress and age-related inflammation and neurodegeneration. Taken together, these results may contribute to understanding how early environmental factors shape vulnerability to brain aging in both sexes and may lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at identifying new treatment strategies to improve the quality of life of older individuals, which is of particular interest given that there is a high growth of aging in populations around the world.

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