DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR GROWTH, FEED EFFICIENCY AND SURVIVAL OF DOMESTICATED INDONESIAN MAHSEER, Tor soro LARVAE

Temperature plays a pivotal role in the success of larvae production. Evaluation of the effects of different temperatures on growth, feed efficiency, and survival of domesticated Indonesian mahseer (Tor soro) larvae was carried out to determine an optimum rearing temperature. Five different temperature settings of 22°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C, and 30°C were used as the treatments arranged in triplicates, in indoor closed recirculating systems. The larvae were stocked in a rectangular glass tank with a stocking density of 150 larvae per tank and fed with a commercial feed (30% protein content) three times a day, about 10% per body weight over 61 days of observation. Measured parameters included the specific growth rate of total weight (SGRTW) and length (SGRTL), feed efficiency (FE), and survival rate (SR). The result showed that the treatments of different temperatures significantly affected the growth performance and feed efficiency of the larvae. The growth performance and feed efficiency of mahseer larva were much better at rearing temperature from 24°C to 28°C compared with those at 22°C and 30°C. There were no significant differences in SR in different temperatures tested. The SR was found to range from 86.44% to 100% in all treatments. Maintaining temperature ranging from 24°C to 28°C is the best rearing condition to achieve the optimum growth and feed efficiency of mahseer during the larval rearing period. The findings from this research could be set as a standard technique in larval rearing of Indonesian mahseer (Tor soro).

Preferensi Teripang Pasir Holothuria scabra Terhadap Pakan Berbahan Dasar Makroalga

<p class="Papertext"><strong>The Preference of The Sandfish Holothuria scabra on Macroalgae-Based Feed. </strong>The sandfish, <em>Holothuria scabra</em>, is one ofthe marine species that has the potential to be developed as a source of high-value functional food. However, the growth of sandfish is still constrained by the availability of suitable feed. This study aimed to determine the level of preference of sea cucumbers for artificial feed made from macroalgae. This study used six main ingredients: control (sea-sand), FF-1 (commercial shrimp feed), FF-2 (<em>Padina</em> sp.), FF-3 (<em>Ulva</em> sp.), FF-4 (<em>Sargassum</em> sp.), FF-5 (combination). A completely randomized design with three replications was implemented. Nutritional values of feed and the sandfish body, feed consumption, specific growth rate (SGR), survival, and water quality were investigated. The results revealed that all treatments had a 100 percent survival rate, even though the SGR for all treatmentswere negative. Artificial feed made from <em>Padina</em> sp. (FF-2) had the highest average feed consumption of 0.51 gram/day. This value was significantly greater than the other treatments (p&lt;0.05). The SGR reached a positive value in the last week of the maintenance phase. The nutritional quality of the sandfish body generally decreased compared to the initial rearing condition. On the other hand, water quality was optimal for sandfish growth throughout the experiment.It can be concluded that the feed derived from <em>Padina</em> sp. is preferable for <em>Holothuria scabra </em>and has the potential to be further developed.</p>

In Vitro Rearing Changes Social Task Performance and Physiology in Honeybees

In vitro rearing of honeybee larvae is an established method that enables exact control and monitoring of developmental factors and allows controlled application of pesticides or pathogens. However, only a few studies have investigated how the rearing method itself affects the behavior of the resulting adult honeybees. We raised honeybees in vitro according to a standardized protocol: marking the emerging honeybees individually and inserting them into established colonies. Subsequently, we investigated the behavioral performance of nurse bees and foragers and quantified the physiological factors underlying the social organization. Adult honeybees raised in vitro differed from naturally reared honeybees in their probability of performing social tasks. Further, in vitro-reared bees foraged for a shorter duration in their life and performed fewer foraging trips. Nursing behavior appeared to be unaffected by rearing condition. Weight was also unaffected by rearing condition. Interestingly, juvenile hormone titers, which normally increase strongly around the time when a honeybee becomes a forager, were significantly lower in three- and four-week-old in vitro bees. The effects of the rearing environment on individual sucrose responsiveness and lipid levels were rather minor. These data suggest that larval rearing conditions can affect the task performance and physiology of adult bees despite equal weight, pointing to an important role of the colony environment for these factors. Our observations of behavior and metabolic pathways offer important novel insight into how the rearing environment affects adult honeybees.

Isolation disrupts social interactions and destabilizes brain development in bumblebees

Social isolation, particularly in early life, leads to deleterious physiological and behavioral outcomes. Few studies, if any, have been able to capture the behavioral and neurogenomic consequences of early life social isolation together in a single social animal system. Here, we leverage new high-throughput tools to comprehensively investigate the impact of isolation in the bumblebee (Bombus impatiens) from behavioral, molecular, and neuroanatomical perspectives. We reared newly emerged bumblebees either in complete isolation, small groups, or in their natal colony, and then analyzed their behaviors while alone or paired with another bee. We find that when alone, individuals of each rearing condition show distinct behavioral signatures. When paired with a conspecific, bees reared in small groups or in the natal colony express similar behavioral profiles. Isolated bees, however, showed increased social interactions. To identify the neurobiological correlates of these differences, we quantified brain gene expression and measured the volumes of key brain regions for a subset of individuals from each rearing condition. Overall, we find that isolation increases social interactions and disrupts gene expression and brain development. Limited social experience in small groups is sufficient to preserve typical patterns of brain development and social behavior.

Trachymyrmex septentrionalis ant microbiome assembly is unique to individual colonies and castes.

Within social insect colonies, microbiomes often differ between castes due to their different functional roles, and between colony locations. Trachymyrmex septentrionalis fungus-growing ants form colonies throughout the eastern USA and Northern Mexico that include workers, female and male alates (unmated reproductive castes), larvae, and pupae. How T. septentrionalis microbiomes vary across this geographic range and between castes is unknown. Our sampling of individual ants from colonies across the Eastern USA revealed a conserved core T. septentrionalis worker ant microbiome, and that worker ant microbiomes are more conserved within colonies than between them. A deeper sampling of individual ants from two colonies that included all available castes (pupae, larvae, workers, female and male alates), from both before and after adaptation to controlled laboratory conditions, revealed that ant microbiomes from each colony, caste, and rearing condition were typically conserved within but not between each sampling category. Tenericute bacterial symbionts were especially abundant in these ant microbiomes and varied widely in abundance between sampling categories. This study demonstrates how individual insect colonies primarily drive the composition of their microbiomes, and that these microbiomes are further modified by developmental differences between insect castes and the different environmental conditions experienced by each colony.

A replacement of plant protein sources as an alternative of fish meal ingredient for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus: A review

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. This industry supplies half of thefisheries products consumed annually, and future global demand can only be supplied by increasingaquaculture production, which, in turn, requires more aquafeed. Alternative ingredients must beincreasingly used to supply significant proportions of protein and energy in aquafeeds, creatingboth challenges and opportunities for researchers and industry. Nowadays, there are too manyresearches on fish disease, growth and health but less in a fish feed especially a replacement ofprotein from plant sources in the fish feed. One of the alternative ways to optimise the growth andhealth condition of the fish is provide them a good protein from plant as a replacement in fish mealwith the natural source protein instead of giving a good rearing condition and caring of the fish.The present article was constructed to highlight a replacement of plant protein sources as analternative of fish meal for fish feed in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus that has been done byresearchers. However, the application of replacement from plant protein sources in fish meal is nowgradually gaining importance in commercial aquaculture practices and opened the door for theresearchers to expend of this application, thus more detailed studies on molecular basis should belooked as to get the quality and enough nutrient fish feed for good production of aquacultureindustry.

KEMAMPUAN HIDUP DAN TUMBUH IKAN KEMURING, Striuntius lineatus (Duncker, 1904) ASAL PULAU BANGKA PADA TAHAP AWAL DOMESTIKASI

Ikan kemuring, Striuntius lineatus (Duncker, 1904), merupakan salah satu ikan lokal yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi ikan hias. Ikan ini tergolong sulit didapatkan akibat rusaknya habitat oleh aktivitas manusia. Ikan ini merupakan ikan yang rentan stres dan mudah mengalami kematian. Domestikasi adalah salah satu upaya mencegah terjadinya kepunahan terhadap populasi spesies yang terancam siklus hidupnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji kemampuan hidup dan performa pertumbuhan ikan kemuring dalam akuarium, serta mengetahui kualitas air yang mendukung pemeliharaan ikan kemuring. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif. Untuk melihat hubungan antara sintasan dengan kualitas air dianalisis menggunakan analisis PCA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan kemuring mampu hidup dan tumbuh pada wadah akuakultur. Nilai sintasan, pertumbuhan bobot mutlak, panjang mutlak, dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik masing-masing sebesar 93,33 ± 0,06%; 1,70 ± 0,31 g; 10,29 ± 1,02 mm; dan 0,96 ± 0,19% bobot tubuh/hari. Nilai suhu, pH, DO, TDS, TAN, dan kesadahan untuk pemeliharaan ikan kemuring didapatkan nilai masing-masing sebesar 28,72 ± 0,44°C; 6,28 ± 0,82; 5,81 ± 0,77 mg/L; 0,48 ± 0,16 mg/L; 2,50 ± 1,01 mg/L; dan 106,67 ± 55,73 mg/L. Berdasarkan analisis PCA, sintasan ikan kemuring di wadah pemeliharaan dipengaruhi oleh suhu, pH, DO, TAN, dan kesadahan.Lined barb is one of the local fish from Bangka Island that can be developed as a farmed ornamental fish. The fish is now rarely found in the wild due to its extensive habitat destruction by human activities. The fish is also relatively easy to get stressed and died. Domestication offers a solution to prevent the extinction of this fish population. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the survival and growth performance and determine the optimum rearing condition of lined barb in an aquarium setting. This research was carried out as an experimental study. The collected data were analyzed descriptively. The relationship between survival and water quality was determined using PCA analysis. The results showed that lined barbs were able to survive and grow in the aquaculture rearing media. The values of survival rate, absolute weight growth, absolute length, and specific growth rate were 93.33 ± 0.06%, 1.70 ± 0.31 g, 10.29 ± 1.02 mm, and 0.96 ± 0.19% body weight/day, respectively. The average values of temperature, pH, DO, TDS, TAN, and hardness were 28.72 ± 0.44°C, 6.28 ± 0.82, 5.81 ± 0.77 mg/L, 0.48 ± 0.16 mg/L, 2.50 ± 1.01 mg/L, 106.67 ± 55.73 mg/L, respectively. Based on the PCA analysis, the survival of lined barbs in aquaculture containers was influenced by temperature, pH, DO, TAN, and hardness of its rearing media.

ADDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TURMERIC POWDER AND CURCUMIN IN THE DIET ON BROILER PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS, IMMUNITY AND GUT MORPHOLOGY OF BROILER CHICKEN UNDER NORMAL AND HEAT STRESS CONDITION

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of adding different levels of turmeric powder and curcumin on broiler performance, carcass traits, and immunity response and jejunum histology. A total of 750 Ross day old chicks obtained from a local hatchery and distributed into two rearing conditions (normal and heat stress condition) with five treatments 3 replicate for each one had (25 chicks). Dietary supplements of turmeric powder and curcumin significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved performance under normal and heat stress conditions. Moreover, treatments significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the total titter antibody against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease compared to control. Concerning histology of jejunum treatments significantly (P≤0.01) improved jejunum histology. Regarding the effect of rearing condition heat stress conditions significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased performance compared to normal rearing condition. Small intestine percent from live body weight significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased compared to normal rearing conditions. Moreover, heat stress significantly (P≤0.01) affected the total antibody titer against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease. Jejunum histology significantly (P ≤ 0.01) affected by rearing conditions.