Correlation between Two Indices of Commonality and of Repetition in Free Word-Association Responses

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pack ◽  
Louis Pons
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Free Word

Two samples of subjects, one French ( n = 50) and one American ( n = 29), were given free word-association tests consisting of two successive presentations of the same list of stimulus words separated by a 15-min. interval. Both the frequency of “most common responses” (as defined by Palermo and Jenkins' word association norms for the Americans and a reference sample for the French) and the frequency of repeated responses (responses repeated on successive presentations) remained consistent for individual subjects tested on separate occasions with two different lists of 20 words. There was also a significant correlation between these two parameters for individual subjects.

Responses of Parkinsonian Patients to a Successive Free Word-Association Test

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pons ◽  
M. Bielecki ◽  
B. Le Chevalier ◽  
Ch. Schupp ◽  
F. Morin
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Word Association Test ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Cognitive Slowing ◽  
Free Word ◽  
Normal Controls

28 Parkinsonian patients matched with 28 normal controls took a free word-association test. Three variables were measured: the commonness of the responses, their latencies, and their repetitions. Comparison of the two samples showed the same magnitudes of intercorrelations among these variables. But, if commonness and latency remained the same, repetition increased significantly for patients. These data were discussed in relation to results on the absence of cognitive slowing.

Consistency and Reactivation of Word Responses in Different Cases of Mental Illness

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Anne ◽  
Louis Pons ◽  
Thérèse Lemperiere
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Word Association Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Free Word

Two groups of subjects, 32 college students and 72 psychiatric patients, were submitted to a free-word association test with 2 or 4 repeated presentations of the same list of 20 word stimuli. It was demonstrated that: the commonality (frequency) of responses and their repetition measured for each subject gave reliable measurements for the two groups. The correlation between these two parameters was significant. Independent of the state of the subject, a positive correlation between commonality and repetition indicates a continuity between normalcy and mental illness, the absolute value of these two parameters being a measure of a cognitive process.

scholarly journals Non-random sampling and association tests on realized returns and risk proxies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Ecker ◽  
Jennifer Francis ◽  
Per Olsson ◽  
Katherine Schipper
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Distribution Matching ◽  
Matched Samples ◽  
Data Requirements ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThis paper investigates how data requirements often encountered in archival accounting research can produce a data-restricted sample that is a non-random selection of observations from the reference sample to which the researcher wishes to generalize results. We illustrate the effects of non-random sampling on results of association tests in a setting with data on one variable of interest for all observations and frequently-missing data on another variable of interest. We develop and validate a resampling approach that uses only observations from the data-restricted sample to construct distribution-matched samples that approximate randomly-drawn samples from the reference sample. Our simulation tests provide evidence that distribution-matched samples yield generalizable results. We demonstrate the effects of non-random sampling in tests of the association between realized returns and five implied cost of equity metrics. In this setting, the reference sample has full information on realized returns, while on average only 16% of reference sample observations have data on cost of equity metrics. Consistent with prior research (e.g., Easton and Monahan The Accounting Review 80, 501–538, 2005), analysis using the unadjusted (non-random) cost of equity sample reveals weak or negative associations between realized returns and cost of equity metrics. In contrast, using distribution-matched samples, we find reliable evidence of the theoretically-predicted positive association. We also conceptually and empirically compare distribution-matching with multiple imputation and selection models, two other approaches to dealing with non-random samples.

scholarly journals Students’ Word Associations with Different Terms Related to the Wadden Sea: Does the Place of Residence (Coast or Inland) Have an Influence?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Till Schmäing ◽  
Norbert Grotjohann
Keyword(s):  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Word Associations ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Visitation Frequency ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Free Word ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Out Of School

This paper presents students’ word associations with terms regarding the Wadden Sea. A continuous free word-association method was used in which the students from secondary schools (n = 3119, average age: 13.54 years) reported their associations with the stimulus words Wadden Sea, mudflat hiking tour, and tides in written form. Data were collected from students living close to the Wadden Sea and from students living inland. We performed a quantitative content analysis including the corresponding formation of categories. In addition, students’ school, out-of-school with the class, and private experiences the Wadden Sea ecosystem were recorded. The study shows that not only subject-related concepts should be considered at different levels, but non-subject-related aspects as well. The associations of the inland and non-inland students are statistically significantly different. The Wadden Sea and its biome were found to be completely unknown to some students. Students’ school, out-of-school with the class, and private experiences of the wetlands are also very mixed, regarding their Wadden Sea visitation frequency, and surprisingly cannot be directly derived from their place of residence. This research makes an important contribution towards the design of future biology didactic studies on the Wadden Sea.

Do word associations assess word knowledge? A comparison of L1 and L2, child and adult word associations

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Cremer ◽  
Daphne Dingshoff ◽  
Meike de Beer ◽  
Rob Schoonen
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
Word Associations ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Association Behavior ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Free Word

Differences in word associations between monolingual and bilingual speakers of Dutch can reflect differences in how well seemingly familiar words are known. In this (exploratory) study mono-and bilingual, child and adult free word associations were compared. Responses of children and of monolingual speakers were found to be more dispersed across response categories than responses of adults and of L2 speakers, respectively. Log linear analyses show that the distributional patterns of association responses differ among the groups. Age has the largest effect on association responses. Adults give more meaning-related responses than children. Child L1 speakers give more meaning-related responses than child L2 speakers. Form-based and ‘Other’ associations were mostly given by (L2) children. The different findings for mono- and bilingual children and for mono- and bilingual adults show the influence of bilingualism on the development of word associations. The prominent effect of age emphasizes the role of conceptual development in word association behavior, and makes free word association tasks less suitable as an assessment tool for word knowledge.

scholarly journals Detection of DNA and Ploidy Variation within Vegetatively Propagated Zoysiagrass Cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen R. Harris-Shultz ◽  
Susana Milla-Lewis ◽  
Aaron J. Patton ◽  
Kevin Kenworthy ◽  
Ambika Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Two Samples

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) is used as a warm-season turfgrass for lawns, parks, and golf courses in the warm, humid and transitional climatic regions of the United States. Zoysiagrass is an allotetraploid species (2n = 4x = 40) and some cultivars are known to easily self- and cross-pollinate. Previous studies showed that genetic variability in the clonal cultivars Emerald and Diamond was likely the result of contamination (seed production or mechanical transfer) or mislabeling. To determine the extent of genetic variability of vegetatively propagated zoysiagrass cultivars, samples were collected from six commercially available zoysiagrass cultivars (Diamond, Emerald, Empire, JaMur, Meyer, Zeon) from five states (Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Texas). Two of the newest cultivar releases (Geo and Atlantic) were to serve as outgroups. Where available, one sample from university research plots and two samples from sod farms were collected for each cultivar per state. Forty zoysiagrass simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and flow cytometry were used to compare genetic and ploidy variation of each collected sample to a reference sample. Seventy-five samples were genotyped and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustering revealed four groups. Group I (Z. japonica) included samples of ‘Meyer’ and Empire11 (‘Empire’ sample at location #11), Group II (Z. japonica × Z. pacifica) included samples of ‘Emerald’ and ‘Geo’, Group III (Z. matrella) included samples of ‘Diamond’ and ‘Zeon’, and Group IV (Z. japonica) consisted of samples from ‘Empire’, ‘JaMur’, ‘Atlantic’, and Meyer3 (‘Meyer’ at sample location #3). Samples of ‘Empire’, ‘Atlantic’, and ‘JaMur’ were indistinguishable with the markers used. Four samples were found to have alleles different from the respective reference cultivar, including two samples of ‘Meyer’, one sample of ‘Empire’, and one sample of ‘Emerald’. Three of these samples were from Texas and one of these samples was from Florida. Three of the four samples that were different from the reference cultivar were university samples. In addition, one sample, Empire11, was found to be an octoploid (2n = 8x = 80). For those samples that had a fingerprint different from the reference cultivar, contamination, selfing, and/or hybridization with other zoysiagrasses may have occurred.

Can Implicit Associative Responses Be Measured by Word Association Tests?

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Jung ◽  
Sonya Weber
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Word Associations ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Word Association Test ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The Relationship

The number of superordinate responses on a categorized word association test was lower when stimulus words from each category were presented in blocks or when there was no time pressure for responding. Both findings illustrate the susceptibility of word associations to the influence of variations in administrative procedures. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the relationship between overt word-association-test responses and implicit associative responses.

Word-Association Tests: A Statistical Approach

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zinger
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Word Association Test

Measures are proposed for the diversity of responses to the Kent-Rosanoff Word Association Test. Comparisons of stimuli are possible.

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