Sex Differences in Internality-Externality

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1159-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Lopez ◽  
Mark J. Staszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Future Events

Rotter's I-E Scale was administered to 48 male and 48 female undergraduates. A factor analysis yielded three dimensions of internality-externality: success in life, future events, and politics. A multivariate analysis of variance using these three factors as dependent measures yielded no sex differences when all three factors were considered simultaneously. However, women were significantly more external on the success in life dimension. No sex differences were found on the other factors. It was suggested that the slight but consistent sex differences identified in previous research may be explained in light of the multidimensional nature of the I-E Scale.

Social Desirability as a Variable Affecting Responses on the California Psychological Inventory

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1223-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. Ellis ◽  
Dennis W. Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
The Other ◽  
California Psychological Inventory ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Psychological Inventory ◽  
As If

This experiment was designed to show whether social desirability had a contaminating effect on any of the scales of the California Psychological Inventory or on the test as a whole. Subjects were divided into two groups, one of 10 to answer the test honestly and the other of 26 to answer its questions as if applying for a job and wanting to make a good impression. Data show that 10 of the 18 scales and the test as a whole, using multivariate analysis of variance, were not significantly contaminated by social desirability.

scholarly journals Can Releasing Racehorses to Paddocks be Beneficial? Heart Rate Analysis – Preliminary Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Janczarek ◽  
Witold Kędzierski ◽  
Anna Stachurska ◽  
Izabela Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Environment Effect ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Heart Rate Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Study

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the effect of allowing racehorses to use paddocks, on the heart rate (HR). HR was used as a measure of horses’ psychosomatic response to environment effect. The study involved 90 Purebred Arabian horses divided into three groups of equal numbers of stallions and mares. The control group (C) was trained at the racetrack. The other two groups were trained in an off-the-racetrack centre and therefore, they were regularly transported to the races. One of those groups (T) was maintained in the same manner as horses at the racetrack, without access to paddocks. Horses from the other group (TP) were additionally released into a paddock every day. Each horse was examined within five three-week measuring periods, during one training season. HR was registered at rest, during saddling, and while walking with a rider. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA, GLM) was used to compare HR. The significance of differences between means was determined using Tukey’s test. HR registered from 2nd to 5th measuring periods during saddling and walking was generally lower in TP than in C. For example, in stallions during saddling, HR amounted to: 54.4±14.7 vs 65.3±12.1, 53.2±13.5 vs 64.4±13.1, 55.4±12.2 vs 65.0±11.0 and 53.4±14.0 vs 66.5±13.8 beats/min, respectively. In T stallions and mares, HR tended to increase when the transportation began which was particularly pronounced at rest. The study revealed that the possibility of turnout into paddocks reduced HR in racehorses, in comparison to horses trained at racetrack. Training for horse racing in an off-the-racetrack centre with the use of paddocks was assessed as beneficial, provided the horses were used to being transported.

Gender and Generation Effects on Person Perception

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay C. Sharp ◽  
Sandra G. Candy ◽  
Lillian E. Troll
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Way

It has been assumed that the characteristics of respondents, such as their sex, background and socialization experiences, would affect the way in which respondents perceive other persons. Sex differences have been found in college students, but generational differences have not been explored. The present study employed one hundred fifty men and women, of non-college background and of a wide range of ages, and permitted free responses in respondents' descriptions. The effect of gender and generation on the categories participants used to describe a known man and woman was examined. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated significance on both variables. However, subsequent one-way analyses of variance revealed that only a few categories were used differentially by men and women, or by the older, middle and younger generations.

The Effects of Distractible Child Behavior on Adults in a Problem-Solving Setting

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Osborne Ianna ◽  
Daniel Hallahan ◽  
Richard Q. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Adult Behavior ◽  
Educational Implications

Twenty-four women enrolled in undergraduate special education classes interacted with a child confederate while solving three tasks in one of two conditions. In one condition, the child exhibited distractible behavior; in the other the child exhibited similar skill levels but remained on task. Based on videotapes of the sessions, eleven categories of adult behavior and five categories of child behavior were coded. Analysis of the data using multivariate analysis of variance techniques supported the hypothesis that adults respond differently to particular characteristics of child behavior. Adults interacting with the confederate in the distractible condition made significantly more demands on the child's attention, provided more instruction, and more often asked the child about his performance and the demands of the task. Educational implications of the effects of child behavior on adults are discussed.

Sex Differences in Body-Cathexis Associated with Exercise Involvement

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol J. Salusso-Deonier ◽  
Robert J. Schwarzkopf
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Body Cathexis

The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in body-cathexis associated with exercise involvement. Data were collected from exercising groups of 52 women and 23 men volunteers from a university fitness improvement class and from comparison groups of 41 women and 9 men volunteers from classes unrelated to exercise. Multivariate analysis of variance of prestudy body-cathexis scores identified significant sex differences; men had much higher body-cathexis for waist, hip, thigh, fitness, and weight than did women. Multivariate analysis of poststudy data, normalized to control for prestudy sex differences, yielded a significant effect for the exercise involvement of fitness class men and women. Regular exercise seems to have potential as a method for improving body-cathexis for both men and women. Further research on methods for improving satisfaction with weight is needed.

Factors affecting patterns of development and their assessment

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Seebeck
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Concomitant Variables ◽  
Alternative Test

ABSTRACTThe effect of rate of growth on the development of animals is examined in terms of it being related to variation from a pattern of development described by the allometric hypothesis. For this purpose, aliometry is expressed in terms of an extension to the shape/size concept originally proposed by Mosimann.It is shown that such an effect of rate of growth would bias estimates of the development pattern, depending on the experimental design. However, within the framework of the method, a procedure for both removing the bias and actually estimating the effect of rate of growth on development is available.A previously described test for one type of deviation from aliometry is shown to be incorrect by simulation.An alternative test for the adequacy of the allometry hypothesis is developed, based on factor analysis of residual matrices from multivariate analysis of variance (the latter being used so that effects of treatment and concomitant variables can be taken into account).

Effects of Supervisors' Age, Sex, Number of Subordinates, and Tenure on Disciplinary Intentions

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-294
Author(s):  
Edward Ward
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Significant Difference

A literature review indicated little research on punishment in work settings despite the prevalence of punishment as a control technique. In the current study, 45 female supervisors and 36 male supervisors rated a list of 40 job-related behaviors as to the intensity of discipline they would administer to a subordinate who did any of the job-related behaviors. A multivariate analysis of variance of the ratings indicated no significant difference associated with sex of the rater as to the intensity of the discipline they would administer. Nonsignificant correlations were noted on disciplinary intentions with increasing age, tenure, and number of subordinates. These findings, along with other studies of sex differences in the work force, indicate such study of sex differences may need to be limited to a narrow field in which sex differences have been reported, such as perceived stress.

Relations of Eye Color to Scores on Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency—Short Form

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Beer ◽  
Paula Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Motor Proficiency ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Straight Line

The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency—Short Form (8 subtests and 15 motor skill activities) was administered individually to 28 students. Multivariate analysis of variance showed no association with differences in eye color. There were two significant sex differences on univariate F tests; boys scored better at standing broad jump than girls, while girls scored better at standing on one leg and drawing a straight line than boys.

On the Role of Emotional Traits in Impression Formation

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Nigro ◽  
Olimpia Matarazzo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Female Stimulus ◽  
Male Stimulus

280 Italian undergraduates (90 men and 190 women), ages 18 to 30 years, rated a warm, cold, jealous, or envious stimulus person on 15 7-point semantic differential scales. Varying the sex of the stimulus person, 8 different versions of the description were obtained. Factor analysis, carried out to identify a smaller set of non-redundant dimensions, yielded three factors. A multivariate analysis of variance, 4 (warm, cold, jealous, envious) × 2 (male stimulus person, female stimulus person) × 2 (male respondents, female respondents), indicated significant effects for the variable “trait” on the first and second factors, an interaction between the sex of the stimulus person and the sex of the respondent on the first factor, and an effect for the sex of the respondent on the second factor. The traits “envious” and “jealous” acted as central qualities, and the sex of the stimulus person and of the respondent played an important role in impression formation. Further implications of the finding were discussed.

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